Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents Interim Report (2006) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 15-25
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Thus, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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The standards and guidance levels are often developed through human health risk assessment, although other factors -- such as treatment technology, feasibility, benefits, and costs -- may also be considered. Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information needed to characterize the nature and extent of the risk so that appropriate risk-management action can be taken.
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effects on the health of persons occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety"; may consider feasibility Federal Water • Control pollutant discharges to "assure • Technology-based effluent limitations Pollution Control Act protection of public health"; may consider • Water-quality standards (Clean Water Act) /33 feasibility USC §§ 1312-1333 • Establish criteria that "protect public health (2003)
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health" or predict health effects EPA, Superfund • Establish site-cleanup standards that are • Remedial action Superfund Amendments and "protective of human health"; may consider Reauthorization feasibility Actb/42 USC § 9621 (2003) OSHA Occupational Safety • "Set the standard which most adequately • Occupational safety or health standards and Health Act/29 assures, to the extent feasible, on the basis of • Permissible exposure limits USC § 655(b)
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Abbreviations: CPSC, Consumer Product Safety Commission; EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
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Some new methods may eventually replace various traditional toxicity tests. Federal agencies and international organizations -- including EPA, the National Toxicology Program (NTP)
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. Still, there is a growing recognition that because traditional toxicity testing approaches are time consuming and resource intensive, a large volume of existing and newly introduced chemicals cannot be adequately assessed using current testing practices.
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, pertinent NRC reports, and current work of NRC standing committees. Those reports were to be evaluated for specific elements, including analysis of current and anticipated regulatory needs, discussion of the current and planned inventory of toxicity-testing and assessment schemes and methods, evaluation of potential uses and limitations of new or alternative testing methods and analysis of how they might influence or define future testing strategies, and discussion of scientific advances that could affect the nature of information needed to assess potential human toxicity more completely.
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Chapter 5 provides an overview of risk-assessment guideline documents that deal with the use of toxicity data in human health risk assessment and concludes with observations regarding strengths and weaknesses of the current system for generating toxicologic data to assess environmental risks. Chapter 6 is the committee's assessment of the various, and often conflicting, demands on the regulatory toxicity-testing framework and a review of nearterm and long-term approaches that hold promise for improving toxicity testing.
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EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
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2001. Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment for Human Health: Principles and Approaches.
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