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Polar Icebreaker Roles and U.S. Future Needs A Preliminary Assessment (2005) / Chapter Skim
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2 Rationale for a Continued U.S. Icebreaking Capability
Pages 11-15

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From page 11...
... Management of the United States Antarctic Program was assigned to the National Science Foundation by Presidential Memorandum 6646 (1982)
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From page 12...
... The long-term cooperative management of Antarctica achieved under the Antarctic Treaty is a significant accomplishment, and the central role of science in this system cannot be overstated. Under the Treaty, the United States and other signatories are guaranteed freedom of scientific research and provided inspection rights to ensure compliance.
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From page 13...
... The remainder of the seas was proclaimed free to all and belonging to none. But by the mid-twentieth century there was growing concern over the toll on coastal fish stock caused by long-distance fishing fleets, pollution from transport ships, and other demands, and in 1945 the United States extended its jurisdiction to include all natural resources on the continental shelf; other nations soon followed suit.
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From page 14...
... national interests in many ways. According to information provided by the National Science Foundation, the Arctic and the Antarctic are premier natural laboratories whose extreme environments and geographically unique settings enable research on fundamental phenomena and processes not feasible elsewhere (NSF, 2005)
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From page 15...
... RATIONALE FOR A CONTINUED U.S. ICEBREAKING CAPABILITY 15 play a key role in supporting science, especially in the Arctic where the successful execution of many ocean- based science missions have relied upon the HEALY.
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  • palmer station
  • permanent stations
  • minimum extent
  • claim territory
  • territorial claims

  • polar research
  • states antarctic
  • raytheon polar
  • polar class
  • limiting national

  • central arctic
  • recent national
  • national guard
  • arctic sea
  • arctic operations

  • antarctic sovereignty
  • air national
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  • arctic council
  • antarctic issues


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