Hispanics and the Future of America (2006) / Chapter Skim
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5 Hispanic Families in the United States: Family Structure and Process in an Era of Family Change--Nancy S. Landale, R. Salvador Oropesa, and Cristina Bradatan
5 Hispanic Families in the United States: Family Structure and Process in an Era of Family Change--Nancy S. Landale, R. Salvador Oropesa, and Cristina Bradatan
Pages 138-178
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From page 138... ...
Comparisons between Hispanic subgroups, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks provide information on the extent to which Hispanics have shared in the general shifts in family configurations that took 138
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From page 139... ...
6) , "Changing family structures, including marital disruption and cohabitation, could represent the most important issue for Latino family theory and research in the decade ahead." A second issue addressed in the chapter is generational variation in family patterns within Hispanic subgroups.
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From page 140... ...
Thus, all of our analyses present information separately for Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Central/South Americans, and other Hispanics.1 In addition to addressing differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics, we examine the diversity of family patterns among the specific Hispanic groups. Several broad conclusions are supported by our analyses.
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, Puerto Ricans (37 percent) , non-Hispanic whites (39 percent)
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From page 142... ...
29.5 31.7 n.a. Non-Hispanic white 44.6 32.2 27.4 38.7 Non-Hispanic black 24.8 15.4 13.7 44.5 Total fertility rateb Mexican 2.9 3.2 3.3 12.8 Puerto Rican 2.1 2.3 2.6 25.9 Cuban 1.3 1.5 1.9 43.9 Other Hispanic 2.1 2.9 3.0 44.2 Non-Hispanic white 1.7 1.9 1.9 11.2 Non-Hispanic black 2.4 2.6 2.3 3.8 Percentage of births to unmarried mothersc Mexican 20.3 33.3 40.8 101.0 Puerto Rican 46.3 55.9 58.9 27.2 Cuban 10.0 18.2 27.3 173.0 Central/South American 27.1 41.2 44.3 63.5 Other/unknown Hispanic 22.4 37.2 44.2 97.3 Non-Hispanic white 9.6 16.9 22.5 134.4 Non-Hispanic black 57.3 66.7 68.6 19.7 Percentage of births to mothers under 18d Mexican 7.7 6.9 6.2 19.5 Puerto Rican 10.0 9.1 7.4 26.0 Cuban 3.8 2.7 2.7 28.9 Central/South American 2.4 3.2 3.1 29.2 Other/unknown Hispanic 6.5 8.0 6.8 4.6 Non-Hispanic white 4.0 3.0 2.3 42.5 Non-Hispanic black 12.7 10.2 7.3 42.5 Percentage female householder, no spouse present Mexicane 14.8 19.0 21.1 42.6 Puerto Ricane 38.2 39.6 35.8 6.3 Cubane n.a.
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From page 143... ...
, 13 percent for Mexicans (from 2.9 to 3.3) , 26 percent for Puerto Ricans (from 2.1 to 2.6)
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From page 144... ...
had relatively low levels of female family headship, but Puerto Ricans (38 percent) and non-Hispanic blacks (40 percent)
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From page 145... ...
In 2000, the various Hispanic subgroups fall between the extremes occupied by non-Hispanic whites and blacks with respect to family structure. About 14 percent of white families had a female householder, compared with about 20 percent of Mexican and Cuban families, 25 percent of Central and South American families, 36 percent of Puerto Rican families, and 45 percent of non-Hispanic black families.
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From page 146... ...
In 2001, about 23 percent of Mexicans, 26 percent of Puerto Ricans, 16 percent of Cubans, 15 percent of Central/South Americans, and 18 percent of other Hispanics were poor (Ramirez and de la Cruz, 2002)
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From page 147... ...
The Role of Culture Another theme that is widespread in studies of Hispanic families is the idea that Hispanics are characterized by familism or a strong commitment to family life that is qualitatively distinct from that of non-Hispanic whites (Vega, 1995)
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From page 148... ...
Comparisons are made across racial/ethnic groups and within Hispanic subgroups by generational status.7 Characteristics of Family Households Table 5-2 addresses a fundamental question: What percentage of all households are family households?
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From page 149... ...
Race/Ethnicity Cuban 75.0 74.5 80.5 66.9 76.0 77.5 80.3 71.8 which Survey by in householders Population Puerto Rican 76.3 74.5 79.6 76.7 72.4 73.8 71.6 64.9 household family Households b white Current family of Family Mexican 85.1 88.6 81.7 80.9 81.7 84.2 80.9 77.7 Householder 19982002 of non-Hispanic definition of Age March Percentage a of of for revised parentage parentage 5-2 on Pooled generation generation generation generation distribution households native households native Based Age 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born a b TABLE Householder Household All Standardized All marriage.
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From page 150... ...
150 Non- Hispanic Black 5.7 5.6 46.3 45.8 41.4 42.2 a Non- Hispanic White 5.1 5.3 79.5 79.3 11.4 11.4 Householder of 6.0 5.1 7.0 6.5 Other Hispanic 62.0 55.0 59.8 68.6 25.8 33.8 25.5 19.0 Generation Central/ South American 65.3 65.8 55.4 -- 6.3 5.9 11.0 -- 21.2 21.2 24.8 - and Cuban 75.2 74.7 80.9 -- 4.0 3.6 4.2 -- 8.8 15.8 16.9 - Race/Ethnicity 7.4 5.7 8.6 by Puerto Rican 53.1 56.9 48.1 47.6 10.1 33.5 32.4 34.4 36.6 5.9 5.0 6.0 7.5 Mexican 69.0 72.4 64.7 64.8 18.2 14.8 22.6 22.1 Households Family partner of no parentage parentage parentage couple couple native native householder, native Characteristics of of of married 5-3 households cohabiting households female households generation generation generation generation generation generation family family family 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born TABLE Household Percentage All Percentage All Percentage All
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From page 151... ...
cohabitation which 4.0 4.4 3.6 3.6 8.4 9.6 7.8 6.5 9,507 2,860 4,888 in 17,255 files. household racial/ethnic-generation CPS in family household of household cases in parentage parentage cases parentage 19982002 200 family of definition persons native native native than March of of of of number revised households extended fewer households households = on Pooled number generation generation generation generation generation generation - family family family Based 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born a Mean All Percentage All Unweighted All NOTE: SOURCE:
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From page 152... ...
show that all Hispanic subgroups are more likely to reside in family households than are non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks. The age-standardized percentages for Hispanic groups range from 72 percent (Puerto Ricans)
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From page 153... ...
13Additional analyses (not shown) that disaggregated Central/South Americans into Dominicans, Guatemalans/El Salvadorans, other Central Americans, Colombians, Ecuadorans/ Peruvians, and other South Americans showed that Dominican families were more likely than all other Hispanic families (including Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans)
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From page 154... ...
. For example, the percentage of family households with a female householder was 15 percent for Cubans, 17 percent for Mexicans, and 29 percent for Puerto Ricans in the standardized analysis, compared with 11 percent for non-Hispanic whites.
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From page 155... ...
In particular, Hispanics are considerably more likely to live with other relatives and less likely to live alone than are nonHispanic whites. For example, only 5 percent of non-Hispanic whites live with other relatives, compared with 19 percent of Mexicans and Cubans, 15 percent of Puerto Ricans, and 33 percent of Central/South Americans.
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From page 156... ...
156 4.5 7.4 1.6 5.3 5.5 5.3 Non-Hispanic Black 36.9 49.4 19.8 51.9 12.2 4.4 1.7 0.9 4.3 5.3 9.4 Non-Hispanic White 76.8 16.0 16.4 10.5 54.1 5.9 3.2 1.2 9.6 3.5 6.6 Other Hispanic 53.6 35.6 20.5 10.0 49.9 American 5.0 3.0 2.6 9.4 2.7 9.9 Central/ South 66.7 22.5 14.8 48.8 14.4 2.7 4.1 1.3 9.3 3.7 2.4 Cuban 69.5 21.9 10.1 12.4 62.1 Ethnicity 5.0 4.4 2.0 9.3 2.7 6.3 Puerto Rican 42.4 45.6 23.3 10.1 48.4 and Age by 4.4 3.7 1.5 2.0 9.5 Mexican 67.2 22.8 19.1 12.6 40.1 16.8 Arrangements householder of Living 5-4 a only householder only relatives householder relatives Arrangements parents of 017 1824 Both Mother Father Other Nonrelatives Family Spouse/partner Child Other Alone Nonrelatives TABLE Living Ages Ages
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From page 157... ...
6.1 4.4 4.6 1.0 of 42.4 32.5 10.0 38.7 22.7 19.3 18.3 children CPS "Spouse combined. includes 19982002 householder householder categories relatives" of of b March "Householder," these householder in "Other householder Pooled of relatives householder relatives are 2564 65+ Categories Category Family Spouse/partner Child Other Alone Nonrelatives Family Spouse/partner Other Alone Nonrelatives a b Ages Age children SOURCE:
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From page 158... ...
tional differences in living arrangements among children and the elderly. The top panel shows a striking difference between children with foreignborn parents (first- and second-generation children)
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From page 159... ...
A notable exception is female family headship, which is considerably more prevalent in all Hispanic subgroups than among non-Hispanic whites. At the same time, there is considerable diversity in the family characteristics of Hispanics by both national origin and generation.
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Higher rates of ethnic mixing between Hispanic subgroups and other groups will potentially reduce racial/ethnic boundaries. One important mechanism through which this potentially occurs is fertility.
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From page 161... ...
0.7 73.8 5.4 17.8 2.4 0.3 89.4 5.5 3.2 1.7 1.4 62.7 9.3 24.8 2.0 1.2 60.3 3.5 31.9 3.5 4.0 58.2 14.7 18.0 8.1 1.8 64.6 19.4 13.9 2.2 5.2 57.5 10.2 19.4 10.6 12.6 -- -- -- - 0.9 38.8 10.5 50.8 0.0 0.7 -- -- -- - 1.4 -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1.8 57.8 19.8 18.8 3.5 1.5 63.3 19.1 14.7 2.9 4.1 -- -- -- - 5.9 -- -- -- - 2.0 55.4 17.0 24.1 2.6 1.9 74.6 18.4 6.5 0.0 4.2 -- -- -- - 1.7 43.0 11.1 37.3 6.4 In Table 5-6, we present summary information on ethnic endogamy16 versus exogamy in marriages and cohabiting unions.17 The data are broken 16A marriage (or partnership) is defined as ethnically endogamous if the partners are members of the same Hispanic-origin group (e.g., a Mexican woman is married to a Mexican man)
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From page 162... ...
Among married Mexican women, 84 percent have a Mexican husband; the corresponding figures are 74 percent for Cubans, 65 percent for Central Americans and South Americans, 62 percent for Puerto Ricans, and 55 percent for other Hispanics. The higher level of in-group marriage among Mexican Americans is undoubtedly influenced by the size of the U.S.
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From page 163... ...
Among Mexican Americans, the generational pattern of endogamy is similar to, albeit stronger than, that observed for marriages -- declining percentages in endogamous unions across generations. In addition, exogamous unions involving Mexican American women and non-Hispanic white partners become more common in each successive generation.
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From page 164... ...
Parenthood, in 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.8 Exogamous Hispanic 18.0 19.9 17.0 17.4 13.7 22.6 19.1 18.1 27.3 16.8 11.8 18.4 18.9 20.3 18.0 Exogamy Versus Endogamous (%) 85.9 92.8 73.8 51.8 60.5 46.9 56.7 70.3 37.8 64.4 68.2 34.5 51.8 67.6 46.5 85.7 92.8 71.7 46.6 56.0 40.5 total Endogamy Mothers Ethnic total Generation total American total 5-7 and total Married total Rican total generation generation generation generation Hispanic generation to Rican generation generation Births 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born TABLE Ethnicity All Mexican Puerto Cuban Central/South Other Births Mexican Puerto
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From page 165... ...
165 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.8 29.7 29.5 29.7 27.2 27.7 26.9 27.8 25.4 31.0 33.5 34.2 28.2 39.6 33.8 40.0 1.6 0.9 2.6 2.3 1.9 5.4 3.1 2.7 3.2 2.5 0.5 5.1 8.1 6.0 1.8 3.9 2.7 7.1 3.7 8.1 14.9 18.2 12.1 12.6 5.3 1.3 8.4 5.4 9.9 5.9 4.6 3.7 5.1 25.7 16.8 37.7 16.9 14.3 37.6 28.8 20.6 31.8 10.7 10.4 17.1 11.6 13.1 15.5 5.0 5.1 4.8 14.8 12.8 17.6 17.4 16.7 23.8 15.6 11.1 17.2 17.2 19.4 16.1 26.9 16.8 42.0 22.2 20.8 33.1 18.9 13.1 20.5 Statistics. Health for Center 56.9 68.9 40.6 62.2 66.1 30.9 49.3 63.4 44.2 86.1 92.8 77.3 56.5 65.5 52.2 55.6 75.0 27.0 68.3 72.1 40.4 56.7 76.7 50.7 National total total File, Mothers total total Natality American total American Unmarried total 2000 total generation generation Hispanic generation to Rican total generation generation generation generation Hispanic generation 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born 1st Native-born Cuban Central/South Other Births Mexican Puerto Cuban Central/South Other SOURCE:
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From page 166... ...
The percentages of children born to coethnic parents for foreign-born and native-born mothers, respectively, are 93 and 74 for Mexicans, 61 and 47 for Puerto Ricans, 70 and 38 for Cubans, 68 and 34 for Central American and South American mothers, and 68 and 46 for other Hispanic mothers. Exogamous unions producing children are highly likely to be with Hispanic fathers (from other nationalorigin groups)
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From page 167... ...
First, there are substantial differences across Hispanic groups in the level of ethnic endogamy in marriages, cohabiting unions, and parenthood. The most significant differences are those between Mexican Americans and all other groups: Mexican Americans are substantially more likely to be paired with a coethnic partner in marriage, cohabitation, and parenthood than are Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Central/South Americans, or other Hispanics.
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From page 168... ...
Third, the family households of Hispanics are slightly larger and much more likely to be extended than those of non-Hispanic whites. At the same time, the figures for family structure and children's living arrangements show that traditional two-parent families are not more common among Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites.
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From page 169... ...
A limitation of this study is that we have only examined the structural dimension of familism. This is due, in part, to the absence of national-level databases that include both information on other dimensions of familism and sufficient numbers of the various Hispanic subgroups to allow for analysis.
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From page 170... ...
Recent changes in family formation behavior and the complexities of ethnic mixing will play significant roles in the future size and composition of Hispanic subgroups. Hispanics have shared in the trend toward cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing that has characterized the general U.S.
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From page 171... ...
One such feature is the relatively high level of ethnic endogamy among Mexican Americans, which will undoubtedly contribute to the persistence of a Mexican ethnic identity and culture. Given the size of the Mexican-origin population and continued high rates of immigration from Mexico, this pattern suggests that "Mexi 22 This is the case for all coresidential unions combined (marriages and cohabiting unions)
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From page 172... ...
Cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing among Hispanics are more likely to entail partnerships with non-Hispanic blacks than are marriage and marital childbearing. This is especially the case for some Hispanic subgroups, including Puerto Ricans, Central/South Americans, and Cubans.
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From page 173... ...
. Migration, social support and perinatal health: An origin-destination analysis of Puerto Rican women.
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From page 174... ...
. The impact of acculturation on attitudi nal familism in a community of Puerto Rican Americans.
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From page 175... ...
. Familism and structural assimilation of Mexican Americans in the United States.
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From page 176... ...
b definition white CPS Percentage Bureau Mexican 83.5 87.4 79.8 78.5 80.5 83.3 79.5 75.9 A5-1 Householder 19982002 of Census non-Hispanic of a Age March TABLE of of Status for standard parentage parentage on Pooled generation generation generation generation distribution Householder households native households native Based Age 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born a b APPENDIX of Generational All Standardized All SOURCE:
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From page 177... ...
177 a 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 47.5 46.9 42.5 43.3 Non- Hispanic Black continues Householder 1.7 1.8 3.0 3.1 82.4 82.3 11.9 11.9 of Non- Hispanic White 3.3 3.5 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.3 Generation 63.8 55.9 62.6 71.0 26.6 34.4 26.7 19.7 Other Hispanic and 66.6 66.9 58.1 -- 4.4 4.3 6.8 -- 21.7 21.5 26.0 -- 3.8 3.8 3.4 - Central/ South American Race/Ethnicity by 77.4 76.5 83.5 -- 1.3 1.3 1.2 -- 9.1 16.2 17.3 -- 3.1 3.1 3.4 - Cuban 4.7 3.4 6.8 5.1 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 54.6 58.3 49.9 49.4 34.5 33.2 35.6 38.1 Households Puerto Rican Family 4.0 3.8 3.7 4.6 4.1 4.4 3.6 3.7 70.4 73.3 66.3 66.8 18.5 15.0 23.2 22.8 of Mexican partner Characteristics no household A5-2 in parentage parentage parentage parentage couple couple native native householder, native persons native TABLE Generation of of of of of and married households cohabiting households female households households generation generation generation generation generation generation number generation generation family family family family 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born APPENDIX Household Percentage All Percentage All Percentage All Mean All
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From page 178... ...
Family 8.6 9.7 8.0 6.7 of 9,394 2,788 4,742 Mexican 16,924 generation family of files. racial/ethnic definition CPS Characteristics in household Bureau cases A5-2 parentage cases parentage 19982002 200 family of Census native native than March TABLE Generation of of number standard and extended fewer households households = on Pooled generation generation generation generation - family family Based 1st 2nd Native-born 1st 2nd Native-born a APPENDIX Household Percentage All Unweighted All NOTE: SOURCE:
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