Tech Tally Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy (2006) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX B Technology-Related Standards and Benchmarks in the National Science Education Standards, Benchmarks for Science Literacy, and Standards for Technological Literacy
APPENDIX B Technology-Related Standards and Benchmarks in the National Science Education Standards, Benchmarks for Science Literacy, and Standards for Technological Literacy
Pages 207-250
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1996. National Science Education Standards.
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Evaluate completed technological designs or products. Students should use criteria relevant to the original purpose or need, consider a variety of 208 T E C H T A L L Y
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Students should be able to identify new problems or needs and to change and improve current technological designs. Propose designs and choose between alternative solutions.
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Benchmarks for Grades 58 · Scientific inquiry and technological design have similarities and differ ences. Scientists propose explanations for questions about the natural world, and engineers propose solutions relating to human problems, needs, and aspirations.
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Scientific inquiry is driven by the desire to understand the natural world, and technological design is driven by the need to meet human needs and solve human problems. Technology, by its nature, has a more direct effect on society than science because its purpose is to solve human problems, help humans adapt, and fulfill human aspirations.
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Benchmarks for Science Literacy Standards Related to "the Nature of Technology" Standard 3A: Technology and Science Benchmarks for Grades K2 By the end of the 2nd grade, students should know that: · Tools are used to do things better or more easily and to do some things that could not otherwise be done at all. In technology, tools are used to observe, measure, and make things.
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· Technology usually affects society more directly than science because it solves practical problems and serves human needs (and may create new problems and needs)
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Other constraints, including economic, political, social, ethical, and aesthetic ones, limit choices. · All technologies have effects other than those intended by the design, some of which may have been predictable and some not.
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Some controls operate par ticular parts of the system and some control other controls. Even fully automatic systems require human control at some point.
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· Technology cannot always provide successful solutions for problems or fulfill every human need. · Throughout history, people have carried out impressive technological feats, some of which would be hard to duplicate today even with modern tools.
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Which will prevail is affected by many factors, such as personal values, consumer acceptance, patent laws, the availabil ity of risk capital, the federal budget, local and national regulations, media attention, economic competition, and tax incentives. · Technological knowledge is not always as freely shared as scientific knowledge unrelated to technology.
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· The human species has a major impact on other species in many ways: reducing the amount of the earth's surface available to those other species, interfering with their food sources, changing the temperature and chemical composition of their habitats, introducing foreign species into their ecosystems, and altering organisms directly through selective breeding and genetic engineering. · Human inventiveness has brought new risks as well as improvements to human existence.
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· People control the characteristics of plants and animals they raise by selective breeding and by preserving varieties of seeds (old and new) to use if growing conditions change.
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In the past century, agricultural technology led to a huge shift of population from farms to cities and a great change in how people live and work. Standard 8B: Materials and Manufacturing Benchmarks for Grades K2 By the end of the 2nd grade, students should know that: · Some kinds of materials are better than others for making any particular thing.
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Although many things are still made by hand in some parts of the world, almost everything in the most techno logically developed countries is not produced using automatic machines. Even automatic machines require human supervision.
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· Some energy sources cost less than others and some cause less pollution than others. · People try to conserve energy in order to slow down the depletion of energy resources and/or to save money.
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· Electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy. Moreover, electricity is used to distribute energy quickly and conveniently to dis tant locations.
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These devices enable great amounts of information to be stored and retrieved -- and be sent to one or many other people or places. · Communication technologies make it possible to send and receive information more and more reliably, quickly, and cheaply over long distances.
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· The quality of communication is determined by the strength of the signal in relation to the noise that tends to obscure it. Communication errors can be reduced by boosting and focusing signals, shielding the signal from internal and external noise, and repeating information, but all of these increase costs.
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· Miniaturization of information-processing hardware can increase pro cessing speed and portability, reduce energy use, and lower cost. Minia turization is made possible through higher-purity materials and more precise fabrication technology.
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Benchmarks for Grades 68 By the end of the 8th grade, students should know that: · Sanitation measures such as the use of sewers, landfills, quarantines, and safe food handling are important in controlling the spread of organisms that cause disease. Improving sanitation to prevent disease has contrib uted more to saving human life than any advance in medical treatment.
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· Biotechnology has contributed to health improvement in many ways, but its cost and application have led to a variety of controversial social and ethical issues.
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Benchmarks for Grades 912 · The nature and development of technological knowledge and processes are functions of the setting. · The rate of technological development and diffusion is increasing rapidly.
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· Trade-off is a decision process recognizing the need for careful compro mises among competing factors. · Different technologies involve different sets of processes.
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Benchmarks for Grades 912 · Systems thinking applies logic and creativity with appropriate compro mises in complex real-life problems. · Systems, which are the building blocks of technology, are embedded within larger technological, social, and environmental systems.
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· Technological progress promotes the advancement of science and math ematics. Standards Related to Technology and Society Standard 4: The Cultural, Social, Economic, and Political Effects of Technology.
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Benchmarks for Grades 912 · Changes caused by the use of technology can range from gradual to rapid and from subtle to obvious. · Making decisions about the use of technology involves weighing the trade-offs between the positive and negative effects.
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· The alignment of technological processes with natural processes maxi mizes performance and reduces negative impacts on the environment. · Humans devise technologies to reduce the negative consequences of other technologies.
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· A number of different factors, such as advertising, the strength of the economy, the goals of a company, and the latest fads contribute to shaping the design of and demand for various technologies. Standard 7: The Influence of Technology on History Benchmarks for Grades K2 · The way people live and work has changed throughout history because of technology.
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· The Information Age places emphasis on the processing and exchange of information. Standards Related to Design Standard 8: The Attributes of Design Benchmarks for Grades K2 · Everyone can design solutions to a problem.
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· Requirements for design are made up of criteria and constraints. Benchmarks for Grades 912 · The design process includes defining a problem, brainstorming, re searching and generating ideas, identifying criteria and specifying con straints, exploring possibilities, selecting an approach, developing a design proposal, making a model or prototype, testing and evaluating the design using specifications, refining the design, creating or making it, and communicating processes and results.
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· The process of engineering design takes into account a number of factors. Standard 10: The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation, and Experimentation in Problem Solving Benchmarks for Grades K2 · Asking questions and making observations helps a person to figure out how things work.
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· Many technological problems require a multidisciplinary approach. Standards Related to Abilities for a Technological World Standard 11: Apply the Design Process Benchmarks for Grades K2 · Brainstorm people's needs and wants and pick some problems that can be solved through the design process.
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· Refine a design by using prototypes and modeling to ensure quality, efficiency, and productivity of the final product. · Evaluate the design solution using conceptual, physical, and math ematical models at various intervals of the design process in order to check for proper design and to note areas where improvements are needed.
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Benchmarks for Grades 912 · Document processes and procedures and communicate them to differ ent audiences using appropriate oral and written techniques. · Diagnose a system that is malfunctioning and use tools, materials, machines, and knowledge to repair it.
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· Identify trends and monitor potential consequences of technological development. · Interpret and evaluate the accuracy of the information obtained and determine if it is useful.
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Standards Related to the Design World Standard 14: Medical Technologies Benchmarks for Grades K2 · Vaccinations protect people from getting certain diseases. · Medicine helps people who are sick to get better.
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Benchmarks for Grades 68 · Technological advances in agriculture directly affect the time and num ber of people required to produce food for a large population. · A wide range of specialized equipment and practices is used to improve the production of food, fiber, fuel, and other useful products and in the care of animals.
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· Conservation is the process of controlling soil erosion, reducing sedi ment in waterways, conserving water, and improving water quality. · The engineering design and management of agricultural systems re quire knowledge of artificial ecosystems and the effects of technological development on flora and fauna.
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· Technology enables people to communicate by sending and receiving information over a distance. · People use symbols when they communicate by technology.
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Benchmarks for Grades 912 · Information and communication technologies include the inputs, pro cesses, and outputs associated with sending and receiving information. · Information and communication systems allow information to be trans ferred from human to human, human to machine, machine to human, and machine to machine.
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· The design of intelligent and non-intelligent transportation systems depends on many processes and innovative techniques. Standard 19: Manufacturing Technologies Benchmarks for Grades K2 · Manufacturing systems produce products in quantity.
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· The manufacturing process includes the designing, development, mak ing, and servicing of products and systems. · Chemical technologies are used to modify or alter chemical substances.
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Standard 20: Construction Technologies Benchmarks for Grades K2 · People live, work, and go to school in buildings, which are of different types: houses, apartments, office buildings, and schools. · The type of structure determines how the parts are put together.
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