Measuring Respirator Use in the Workplace (2007) / Chapter Skim
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4 Lessons Learned
4 Lessons Learned
Pages 20-38
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From page 20... ...
For example, by November 2001, in the midst of and that provided by BLS and NIOSH. the survey operation, BLS officials reported to the Labor Finding 2: There was insufficient documentation and Research Advisory Council (LRAC)
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From page 21... ...
used in establishment surveys -- including cognitive testing, 3. Two small companies, one of which reported minimal usability testing, and various types of field tests -- there is no use of respirators and a second that reported a significant generally accepted procedure or combination of procedures amount of respirator usage: one of those companies was a for establishment survey instrument testing.7 scrap metal company, and the other was an auto body repair and paint shop.
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From page 22... ...
The staff moved on to the field-testing phase of questionnaire protocol queried respondents about the following: development. • Survey title, introduction, routing of survey through Field Testing out the establishment; survey completion time; initial respondent reactions; other issues The field test of questionnaire development was designed • Definition of major terms to yield more information on the cognitive, linguistic, and • Relevant documentation at the establishment measurement issues in the collection of respirator use data.
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From page 23... ...
. • In other cases, it is not obvious how a particular pretesting: change was responsive to the particular respondent problem; • Usability for example, "Both tables for respirator types by hazard types -- Actually reading instructions were too complex for respondents to follow -- they had dif -- Actually reading definitions ficulty figuring out what their task was.
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From page 24... ...
For the documentation,10 a two-stage selection process was applied largest employment size classes, the allocation procedure places all of the establishments of the frame in the sample; as employment decreases, smaller and smaller proportions of establishments are included in the 10Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, sample. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Methods, Chapter 9: Rates, and Characteristics, 1999, Appendix A: Scope and Method of Survey, Occupational Safety and Health statistics; Available at http://www.bls.
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From page 25... ...
Study documentation suggests that the allocation used in the SOII sample was a modified Neyman allocation that was A practical outcome of the Neyman allocation was that directly related but not strictly proportional to the amount the largest employment size classes, with their greater variaof variation in key study measurement within strata.15 No tion in study outcome measurements, were in the sample rationale for the modification or why the lost workday with certainty (certainty strata) , and smaller proportions of case (LWDC)
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From page 26... ...
1987 SIC Manual, were included in this survey: agriculture, Other uncovered employee groups -- such as temporary forestry, and fishing, SIC 01-09; metal mining, SIC 10; coal employees, employees of very short-lived establishments, mining, SIC 12; oil and gas extraction, SIC 13; sulfur mining, and informal sector employees -- are also likely to be missed part of nonmetal mining, SIC 14; construction, SIC 15-17; when the unemployment insurance list is used as a frame. manufacturing, SIC 20-39; railroad transportation, SIC 40; Of course, consumers using respirators at home are also transportation and public utilities, SIC 41-42 and 44-49; missed.
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From page 27... ...
To do both, the strata must be defined conestablishments that used respirators in each stratum was sistently (if not identically) in both phases of sampling, to based on the OSHA Personal Protective Equipment Cost permit analysis of the SRUP sample as a two-phase sample.
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From page 28... ...
advance of the questionnaire mailing (this could have been • Response rates to the mail survey would likely have omitted if the advance telephone screening call had been been higher because the advance telephone contact with the made, as described above) ; • Sending a thank-you or reminder postcard a week respondent would have helped establish rapport, and the short telephone interview followed by the longer mail ques- after the questionnaire mailing; • Sending the replacement questionnaire mailing two tionnaire would have benefited from the "foot in the door" phenomenon (i.e., getting respondents to perform a large task to four weeks after the initial questionnaire mailing; and • Making the nonresponse follow-up calls beginning by first asking for their help with a smaller task)
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For employers who did not mail back a questionnaire after responding "yes" during nonresponse callback, data were imputed from usable 30Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Institute for Occupational similar responses in the sampling strata. Safety and Health, Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001, Bureau Nonresponse callbacks were made by experienced of Labor Statistics, Supporting Statement Survey of Respirator Use and Practices, 2003, p.
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From page 30... ...
that would be available training consisted of background information on the survey, for SRUP respondents and nonrespondents (since the SRUP identifying respirator types (including an interactive test sample was selected from a subset of SOII respondents)
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The degree and nature of this imbalance in SRUP is not known, since the final response rate of sample businesses is not given and findings 36Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Institute for Occupational from an assessment of patterns of response rates to indicate Safety and Health, Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Supporting Statement Survey of Respirator Use and Practices, 2003, p.
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From page 32... ...
weights, Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Section on Several options are available for dealing with item Survey Research Methods, 1988, pp. 453-458; Potter, Frank J., A study nonresponse in surveys such as the SRUP.
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From page 33... ...
, errors, nonresponse errors, measurement errors, processing errors, and sampling errors.45 This review considered many corrects for potential distributional differences between respondents with missing data and those with reported data, of the elements that are normally considered in a sources-ofand maintains relationships among associated variables.43 error study, but by no means with the systematic rigor that a Multiple sets of imputed values are often computed for each statistical agency could apply. In conducting this assessment, missing item to account for the statistical error arising out of the committee did not learn of any field studies or other the imputation process.
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Depart ment of Labor, Washington, D.C., December 12, 1997. 46Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Institute for Occupational 49Eastern Research Group, PPE Cost Survey Final Report (Task Order 3, Safety and Health, Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001, Sep- Contract J-9-F-0010)
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Several This study introduced, but only briefly, the notion of of these NIOSH researchers had been involved with this sur- Indicators of Potentially Inadequate Respirator Programs. vey since its inception.
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2003. Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, 2001.
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From page 37... ...
In the case of SRUP survey data, except ways for estimation (e.g., ratio, regression, and difference estimators) .57 There is no indication that these alternative and for BLS and NIOSH press releases, most dissemination has been to NIOSH or the industrial hygiene community through potentially superior approaches were considered or used in articles in occupational health and safety journals and poster producing any of the SRUP findings.
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From page 38... ...
However, several areas in which dissemination has been to NIOSH or the industrial hygiene marginally increased expenditures could have produced addicommunity through articles in occupational health and safety tional information have been pointed out in this chapter. journals and poster sessions at conferences.
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