Measuring Respirator Use in the Workplace (2007) / Chapter Skim
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5 Planning for the Future
5 Planning for the Future
Pages 39-62
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1NPPTL, NIOSH'S National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory: Providing Personal Protective Technology Innovations for the 21st Century, NIOSH Publication No.
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agenda for the future. In the summer of 2006, NIOSH was As it adopts this new emphasis, it is expected that hard at work to develop a baseline of occupational safety and NPPTL data collection will extend beyond basic research, health information used and disseminated by business asso embodied in the SRUP, which provides important baseline ciations, professional associations, and labor unions within data focused on employer respiratory protection programs.
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This framework issues related to respiratory protection programs within the should be aligned with the core mission of NPPTL as context of the organization of work and management systems described above. There are many possible ways to depict this or programs.
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. the impact of workforce trends on the PPE research agenda, These options included the following: such as increased employee turnover rates in many industry • Follow-on employer survey utilizing the 2001 SRUP design 5The utility of trend information will be somewhat diminished by the fact • Redesigned SRUP employer survey that the Bureau of Labor Statistics converted the industrial classification • Employee-within-establishment survey scheme from the Standard Industrial Classification used in the SRUP to the • Combined employer and employee survey North American Industrial Classification System for subsequent Surveys of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses.
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PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE TABLE 5.1 Potential Sources of Information to Meet Specific Information Needs Potential Information Sources Educators (individuals that Practitioners Employees Manufacturers Researchers develop training (e.g., CSP, or of (academia, programs and CIH, Information Needs Individuals Employers PPE AIHA) train employees)
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MEASURING RESPIRATOR USE IN THE WORKPLACE TABLE 5.1 Continued Potential Information Sources Educators (individuals that Practitioners Employees Manufacturers Researchers develop training (e.g., CSP, or of (academia, programs and CIH, Information Needs Individuals Employers PPE AIHA) train employees)
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PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE TABLE 5.1 Continued Potential Information Sources Educators (individuals that Practitioners Employees Manufacturers Researchers develop training (e.g., CSP, or of (academia, programs and CIH, Information Needs Individuals Employers PPE AIHA) train employees)
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6 MEASURING RESPIRATOR USE IN THE WORKPLACE TABLE 5.1 Continued Potential Information Sources Educators (individuals that Practitioners Employees Manufacturers Researchers develop training (e.g., CSP, or of (academia, programs and CIH, Information Needs Individuals Employers PPE AIHA) train employees)
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NOTE: AIHA = American Industrial Hygiene Association; CIH = Certified Industrial Hygienist; CSP = Certified Safety Professionals. TABLE 5.2 Comparison of Information-Gathering Methods by Data Sources Probability Surveys Records Qualitative Methods Individual (e.g., OSHA employee, Employee Within Compliance Data Sources Establishment household)
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To the extent feasible, any employers generally are reported at the worksite level. The Quarterly Census future SRUP sample frame of establishments should include of Employment and Wages program collects data from employers, on a those sectors that are specifically excluded from federal quarterly basis, in cooperation with state employment security agencies.
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The risk is evidenced by the estimate that the apparatus usage and the highest compliance rates. Yet current proportion of health care employees using respirators was data indicate that the mining industry is associated with the higher than in all industries except mining, construction, and manufacturing.9 Additionally, NPPTL has identified highest rates of pneumoconiosis mortality.
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This is a difficult undertaking, focus group discussions were conducted with both managerequiring bringing together the rudiments of conducting a ment and union employee groups in various locations around valid establishment survey operation (developing a sampling 12Doney, Brent, Protocol for Respiratory Protection Program Interven 11Sargent, E., and F Gallo, Use of personal protective equipment for tions in the Road and Transportation Building Industry, draft, NIOSH, respiratory protection, ILAR Journal 44(1)
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According to an American Statistical Association report,14 focus groups are useful tools for gathering a wide were classified as administrative, design, and economic. While focus groups are useful to compile inventories of range of information in a relatively short time and do not such barriers, the methodology does not provide information require complex sampling techniques.
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16Restricted random sampling is the arrangement of sample units within and increase the percentage of eligible households, although it is unknown blocks or clusters. by what amount.
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The results from this survey are based on information on respirator usage, and occupational exposure, responses from 10,016 British employees, a response rate of only 26 percent.19 in conjunction with demographic and health information, recommends this survey for consideration. A shortcoming of employing an existing survey to uSE OF OShA COMPLIANCE DATA collect data on employees who use respirators is that the sample designs will not be efficient for providing a good It is fitting to consider the administrative data collected representation of employees from industries of particular as a result of the OSHA compliance program as a potential interest.
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reporting requirement might require modification of regula tions related to respirator certification. • A database of user complaints to identify end user uSE OF EXISTING ADMINISTRATIvE DATA SOuRCES problems with specific respirator performance, durability, Several of the alternative sources of data that hold prom- instructions, labeling, and so forth.
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cant barriers to collecting employer and employee informa tion from the same sample, a split sample of employers While these options offer the benefit of relative availabil might be used with one employer subsample designated for ity and the allure of relatively inexpensive access, it should employer data gathering and the other subsample being used be clearly noted that findings representative of the general to collect data from employees. population from such sources are highly unlikely, thus seri The design features described below could, for example, ously limiting their utility in determining what is happening be used as the basis for developing a series of design-related in the general populations of employers and employees.
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The sample size in these and all samples should be adequate to meet clearly prespecified quantitative measures 25More in-depth treatment of the survey methods issues and techniques of needed statistical precision and/or statistical power for mentioned in this section is given by the following: Kish, Leslie, Survey key survey estimates (e.g., relative standard error, margin Sampling, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965; Lohr, S Sampling: of error, power to detect subgroup differences of some Design and Analysis, California: Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove, 1999; specified amount)
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an initial questionnaire mailing, sent Tammy Ouelette, Private Employers and TANF Recipients, Final Report, promptly after the advance screening call to the respondent Abt Associates, Washington, D.C.: May 25, 2004, Exhibit 5.2.
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As noted in Chapter 4, the calls should be made number of appearances on the sampling frame. beginning one week after the replacement questionnaire To account for sample imbalance due to nonresponse mailing to increase the likelihood that the respondent still has and remaining sources, weighting class and calibration the questionnaire.
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NET project includes a framed Certificate of Appreciation from to the sampled business establishments to eliminate those the U.S. Department of Labor in the questionnaire mailing to the point of contact.
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Comparisons were made between respondents and nonrespondents on a variety of frame variables, and weight adjustments were made to compensate for the small differences found. Response rates for most questionnaire items were very high, minimizing the potential for item nonresponse bias.
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The sampling rates would be higher Data Quality for employers with larger workforces. The disproportionate allocation would result in variable employee sample sizes In any of the above design alternatives, attention needs within selected employers.
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62 MEASURING RESPIRATOR USE IN THE WORKPLACE equipment. While the committee applauds the initiative of elsewhere and should be replicable for gathering this type of NIOSH and the BLS in conducting the pioneering SRUP in information from the ultimate users as well as the employers 2001 in order to bring workplace practices to light, it con- who bear responsibility for ensuring proper use.
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