The Future of U.S. Chemistry Research Benchmarks and Challenges (2007) / Chapter Skim
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3 Current Research Leadership Position
3 Current Research Leadership Position
Pages 20-69
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territories) , Canada, Western Europe (including Greece)
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• Journals with broad coverage of chemistry (e.g., Journal of the American Chemical Society, Angewandte Chemie) • Leading journals for each subarea of chemistry: –Area-specific journals where chemistry researchers are the primary contributors (e.g., Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry)
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To assess research leadership the panel concentrated on percent of hot papers, percent of highly cited papers, and the virtual congress results, which will be defined in more detail later in the report. For these criteria the following metric was used: • Greater than 75 percent: the strong leader • Greater than 50 percent: the leader • Greater than 30 percent: among the leaders • Less than 30 percent: lagging behind the leaders Here, we first look at the numbers of journal articles being published in S&E overall, in chemistry, and finally in chemistry area-specific journals.
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National Science Foundation, 00 Science and Engineering Indicators. The Fastest-Growing Economies Have Increased Their Share of U.S.
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Chemistry Papers/Million Total Rank Country in millions) Papers Inhabitants Papers 1 United States 300 217,791 726 2,831,004 2 Japan 128 117,085 915 771,573 3 Peoples Republic of China 1,300 102,047 78 400,917 4 Germany 82 95,815 1168 723,435 5 France 61 64,121 1051 522,015 6 Russia 143 60,765 425 280,480 7 England 61 57,199 938 643,557 8 India 1,100 47,556 43 203,989 9 Spain 40 40,179 1004 254,808 10 Italy 58 39,141 675 358,452 SOURCE: Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators and U.S.
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SOURCE: Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators. 3-2 30,000 25,000 Number of Chemistry Articles 20,000 15,000 10,000 W
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Figure 3-5 shows the declining percent contributions of U.S. authorship in ACS journals for specific areas of chemistry.
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authors to ACS journals by (a) tradi tional and (b)
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JOURNAL ARTICLE CITATIONS This section looks at research quality through further analysis of ar ticle citations and papers deemed "hot" by Thomson ISI or that are most accessed through the ACS website. 35.0 1996 30.0 2003 Contribution to U.S.
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U.S. Chemistry Leads in Total Citations and Citations per Paper The total number of citations of chemistry articles provides a measure of the strength of a nation's contributions to chemistry, and the number of citations per paper gives information on the average impact of a nation's chemistry papers.
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Strong but Declining U.S. Contribution to Highly Cited Chemistry Articles To assess the national origin of the highest-quality papers, the top 100 most highly cited papers in chemistry over the past 10 years were exam 4 According to Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators (accessed November 15, 2006)
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. The percentage of most highly cited papers shown here for the United States is two to three times greater than the percentage of U.S.-authored chemistry papers.
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SOURCE: Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators. file redone from Excel
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% W EUROPE % ALL OTHER % J.APAN % OTHER ASIA 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 FIGURE 3-13 Regional/country breakout of most highly cited chemistry articles of all journals considered.
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% U.S. % U.S% Multidisciplinary science 74.0 72.0 72.0 Multidisciplinary chemistry 48.0 27.6 37.2 Analytical chemistry 37.5 48.8 49.3 Biological chemistry 55.9 57.4 54.4 Chemical education 74.0 68.0 Environmental 49.0 36.7 30.0 Inorganic 51.0 38.5 40.5 Macromolecules 46.3 34.0 34.7 Materials science 33.0 44.5 41.2 Organic chemistry 59.5 58.8 47.0 Physical an computational 51.5 47.3 49.8 ALL 53.5 49.1 47.2
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SOURCE: Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators.
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. In the three areas of chemistry that dominate the hot papers, the United States contributed the most in materials/nanoscience, whereas Western Europe contributed the most in organic and inorganic chemistry.
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SOURCE: Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators.
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The virtual congress data were used to characterize the relative position of the United States in each of the subfields. The panel considered the following criteria to assess research leadership as determined by the virtual world congresses: • Greater than 75 percent: the strong leader • Greater than 50 percent: the leader • Greater than 30 percent: among the leaders • Less than 30 percent: lagging behind the leaders The strong predominance of U.S.
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3-19 was used to assess each nation's strength in chemistry research. As expected, the results were skewed toward a concentration of speakers from the same geographic area where the conference was held.
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Chemists in Winning International Prizes A nation's leadership in a scientific area is reflected in the number of its scientists who win major international prizes (see Tables 3-4 and 3-5)
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SOURCE: National Research Council-generated tabulation of names listed on agendas on GRC website. 3-21 TABLE 3-4 2000-2006 Winners of Nobel Prize in Chemistry Prize Laureate Citizenship Research Done in 2000 Alan Heeger United States United States Alan MacDiarmid United States and New Zealand United States Hideki Shirakawa Japan Japan 2001 William Knowles United States United States Ryoji Noyori Japan Japan K
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contribution to analytical chemistry. These five were selected because 6 Nuclear chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, and chemical education are treated somewhat more briefly within this chapter, as compared to other areas of chemistry due to their initial identification as subareas and only subsequent expansion.
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Assessment Analysis of the virtual congresses, highly cited papers, and the U.S. share of papers published in Analytical Chemistry (the leading journal for this area)
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contribution to the most cited articles in the ACS journal Analytical Chemistry has been declining, while Western Europe's contribution has increased significantly.
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The virtual congresses also showed a balance in representation from researchers involved in field measurement, laboratory, and modeling. From the virtual congress data, the laboratory measurement groups in the United States are the leaders in atmospheric chemistry.
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Atmospheric chemistry contributions are highly consolidated with the physical chemistry experimental contributions, and no reliable information or inference could be obtained. The highly cited articles and other publication analysis places the U.S.
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as the leader or among the leaders in biological chemistry. Of the highly cited journal articles in biological chemistry, 55.9 percent were authored by U.S.
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U.S. chemists contributed 74 percent of the highly cited articles in chemistry education between 1995 and 1999 and 68 percent between 2000 and 2006.
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vitality in the field of inorganic chemistry, four representative subareas of inorganic chemistry were analyzed: Organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis deal with the synthesis and transformations of compounds, or of transformations mediated by compounds, having metal-carbon and related metal-element bonds. Organometallic chemists carry out research on the synthesis, reactivity, and physical properties of organometallic compounds with a focus on unusual bonding situations, unusual transformations and their mechanisms, and theory to understand these phenomena.
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Bioinorganic chemistry deals primarily with the role of metal ions in biology. Today, the great bulk of traditional coordination chemistry research has merged with bioinorganic chemistry, and this area spans the gamut from understanding the roles of metal ions in metalloenzyme function to new metal-containing drugs and imaging agents.
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In the virtual congress assessment, 71 percent of the chosen speakers were from the United States; speakers from Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain also were also prominent. While no ACS journal is devoted exclusively to bioinorganic chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry publishes many bioinorganic papers and U.S.
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contribution to macromolecular chemistry, four representative subareas were examined: Macromolecular synthesis involves the design of synthetic methodology for the formation of macromolecular architecture, including controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, stereochemistry, topology (linear, branched, and cross-linked) , block and graft copolymers, and
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Polymer physics and molecular modeling of macromolecular structure and diffusion are fundamental to advances in this field. Assessment The United States is the leader in most areas of macromolecular chemistry, as shown by virtual congress data.
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chemists authored 46 percent of these macromolecular chemistry papers. The United States showed leadership in the areas of macromolecular synthesis and physical characterization and solid state structure with 75 percent of the hot papers.
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authors. Based on the overall publications record in top journals and authorship of highly cited and hot papers, combined with the virtual congress results, the U.S.
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It seeks to understand the evolution of molecular properties into solid state properties with increasing size. Methods include so-called bottom-up chemical synthesis of nanocrystals, nanowires, and very large species, as well as physical molecular beam approaches.
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There is a strong overlap between this subfield and polymer chemistry, ceramics, and surface chemistry. The materials aspects of organic electronics, polymers, and solid state chemistry are described in the physical chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, and inorganic chemistry fields, respectively.
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U.S. authors contributed 60 percent of the hot articles, and Western European authors contributed 28 percent.
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Nuclear isotope production involves policy studies of facilities for research and development of isotope production, radiochemistry education, and the role of national laboratories in isotope R&D. Assessment The United States has been recognized as a leader in nuclear and radiochemistry since the end of World War II.
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Authors from Japan and Western Europe, particularly Germany, are major contributors to these journals. Examination of the most cited articles in the Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry shows that the United States and Japan were the two largest single-country contributors (each with 1020 percent of the authors)
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Organic chemists design processes to convert petroleum, coal, and biomass to fuels for transportation and a myriad of materials that enhance our daily lives. Because chemistry has become so multidisciplinary, there is strong overlap and synergy between organic chemistry and biochemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, macromolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, and inorganic chemistry.
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The virtual congress data also showed strength in synthetic organic chemistry Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands; strength in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and France; strength in natural products chemistry in Japan, Germany, and Israel; strength in physical organic chemistry in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Japan; great strength in organocatalysis in Germany and Japan; and strength in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis in Germany, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, and Spain. Analysis of "hot papers" (May-June 2006)
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Physical chemists also discover new species such as C60, which opened the new subareas of nanoscience. Thus, there is strong overlap and synergy between physics, chemistry, and all other chemistry areas, particularly analytical chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, and materials chemistry.
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contribution to physical chemistry, seven representative, but overlapping subareas of experimental physical chemistry were examined: Biophysical chemistry is physical chemistry applied specifically to systems of biological interest. This effort is also pursued extensively in physics, biochemistry, and biology departments for the purpose of improved drug design and medical procedures.
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scientist. The virtual congress data showed strength in biophysical chemistry for Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Switzerland; strength in reaction dynamics and high-resolution spectroscopy for Taiwan, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, China, Canada, the Netherlands, and France; strength in ultrafast spectroscopy for Germany, Switzerland, Canada, the Netherlands, and France; strength in single-molecule imaging and electronics for Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Japan, and Sweden; strength in surfaces/interfaces for Germany, Denmark, and Japan; and strength in heterogeneous catalysis for Germany, Japan, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and Spain.
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Of the top hot papers, physical chemistry is the fourth most popular area of chemistry, accounting for 12.2 percent of the top hot papers from 2004 to 2006. The United States and Western Europe are responsible for most of the hot papers, contributing 50 percent and 43.8 percent, respectively.
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U.S. authors contributed 30 percent of the papers in the leading journals that include theoretical/computational chemistry papers (Physical Reiew Letters, Physical Reiew, Journal of Chemical Physics, and Journal of Physical Chemistry)
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Status of U.S. Leadership in Areas of Chemistry The United States is the leader in analytical chemistry, biological chemistry, chemistry education, inorganic chemistry, and in materials chemistry and nanoscience.
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CURRENT RESEARCH LEADERSHIP POSITION The United States is the leader or among the leaders in macromolecular chemistry, and in physical chemistry. The United States is among the leaders in atmospheric chemistry, organic chemistry, and theoretical/computational chemistry.
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