The Future of U.S. Chemistry Research Benchmarks and Challenges (2007) / Chapter Skim
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4 Key Factors Influencing Leadership
4 Key Factors Influencing Leadership
Pages 70-112
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• Major facilities, centers, and instrumentation: The physical infrastructure and materiel for conducting chemistry research. • Human resources: The national capacity of chemistry graduate students and degree holders.
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Western Europe has always been a major scientific force, and the recent strengthening of science throughout the European Union has increased competition in the past decade. Most recently, there has been very strong growth of science in China and India.
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4 National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics.
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The Bayh-Dole Act has enabled the patenting of government-funded university research and the licensing of the patents to industry. Innovative research by university faculty now increasingly leads to the formation of small start-up companies to exploit discoveries first made with the help of government funding.
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scientific culture underlie leadership in chemistry research. Cross-Sector and International Collaborations The movement of people and ideas among academic, industrial, government, and other laboratories is vital in the transfer of new concepts and technology.
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Other professional societies that are important for promoting communication and cooperation between U.S. chemists and other scientists and engineers include the Materials Research Society, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the NRC Chemical Sciences Roundtable, and the Council on Chemical Research.
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Field volume is in terms of whole 4-1 counts, where each collaborating institutional author is assigned an entire count. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, NSF Science and Engineering Indicators 00, Figure 5-37 (based on Appendix Tables 5-39 and 5-40)
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Field volume is in whole counts, where each institutional coauthor is assigned an entire count. SOURCES: Institute for Scientific Information, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index; CHI Research, Inc.; and National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, special tabulations.
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CENTERS AND MAJOR FACILITIES Excellent physical laboratory space is an important factor facilitating chemistry research, and in the U.S., laboratory space provided to chemical researchers is generally of good quality. In addition, chemistry research typically requires instrumentation, and at times, major instruments or facilities, that can only be economically provided by national facilities.
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Access to such equipment is often best made available by establishing centers, which then require special funding mechanisms for continued operation. The types of facilities of interest to chemistry research fall into the following broad categories: • Light sources • Scanning probe techniques • Nuclear magnetic resonance • Mass spectrometry • Cyber-enabled chemistry • Chemical biology • Reactors and accelerators Light Sources Exploring basic and applied chemistry research often requires highenergy light sources -- such as synchrotron and neutron sources.
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The NSF also funds several related facilities, such as the Cornell Uni 7 For a full list of worldwide neutron sources, see the NIST Center for Neutron Research at http://www.ncnr.nist.go/nsources.html.
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chemistry departments typically have several moderately high field NMR spectrometers. National centers such as the NIH-funded National Magnetic Resonance Facility at the University of Wisconsin-Madison provide state of the art, very high field (800- and 900-MHz)
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Outcomes of this project include publicly available software tools, along with a workshop for dissemination. Enironmental Molecular Sciences Participants in this project include researchers from Pennsylvania State University.
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facility dedicated to year-round production of radioisotopes, severely compromising nuclear medicine practice and radioisotope R&D needed to advance targeted molecular therapy and other radioisotope needs for the future. Although there are large accelerators in the United States, which produce isotopes for medicine (e.g., the Brookhaven Linear Isotope Production Facility and the Isotope Production Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory)
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12,864 Brazil (2001) 12,077 SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 00, Appendix Table 2-37.
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universities in 2001 lived in the United States in 2003.10 The study also found that among S&E discipline, the highest stay 10 Finn, M G., 2005, Stay Rates of Foreign Doctorate Recipients from U.S.
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Most foreign doctorate recipients come from four countries. The stay rates for two of these countries, China (90 percent)
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. 12 National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 00, Arlington, VA (NSB 06-01)
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4-6 SOURCE: Science and Engineering Indicators 00, Appendix Table 2-15, and National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 00, NSF 06-325, Arlington, VA.
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The most recent data (2000-2004) show some growth in the number of chemistry graduate students, mainly due to an increase in non-U.S.
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chemistry Ph.D.s has remained in the neighborhood of 2,000 per year, with an increasing composition earned by temporary residents. Over the past 20 years the number of chemistry graduate students receiv ing support has remained largely unchanged (see Figure 4-10)
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SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Science Resource Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, Integrated Science and Engineering Resources Data System (WebCASPAR) , http://webcaspar.nsf.go (accessed September 5, 2006)
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4-10 SOURCE: NSF/SRS, Survey of Earned Doctorates, Integrated Science and Engineering Resources Data System (WebCASPAR) , http://webcaspar.nsf.go (accessed September 5, 2006)
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SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Science Resources Statistics, National Sci ence Foundation-National Institutes of Health Survey of Graduate Students and 4-11 Postdoctorates in S andE, Integrated Science and Engineering Resources Data Sys tem (WebCASPAR) , http://webcaspar.nsf.go (accessed September 5, 2006)
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. The 3.08 percent average annual increase between 1994 14 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition, in Engineers, U.S.
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grew at an average annual rate of 3.7 percent between 1993 and 2003. This rate is 0.6 percent faster than the annual increase in starting salaries and 1.3 percent faster than inflation.17 16 The Consumer Price Index average annual increase for 1975 to 2004 was 4.42 percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator, $1 in 1975 was equivalent to $3.51 in 2004)
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Steady Funding for S&E in the United States The United States spent more on science and engineering R&D between 1981 and 2002 than any other OECD country (see Figures 4-18 and 4-19)
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In terms of constant 2000 dollars, the U.S. federal obligations for total research in chemistry declined from a high of just over $1 billion in 1992 18 M
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BA/BS 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year FIGURE 4-16 Median starting salaries for inexperienced chemists by degree held, 1994-2004. 4-16 SOURCE: American Chemical Society 2004 Survey on Starting Salaries of Chemists and Chemical Engineers.
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SOURCE: Science and Engineering Indicators 00, Appendix Table 4-42.
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Dollars 250 UK Italy Canada 200 150 100 50 0 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 Year FIGURE 4-19 International nondefense R&D expenditures for select countries, 1981-2003. SOURCE: Science and Engineering Indicators 00, Appendix Table 4-43.
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Dollars 1,200.0 1,000.0 800.0 600.0 400.0 200.0 0.0 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 Year FIGURE 4-22 Federal obligations for total research in chemistry. SOURCE: Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, Appendix Table 4-32.
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A comparison of DOE Basic Energy Sciences funding for core research areas in chemistry, geosciences, and biosciences is shown in Figure 4-25 and that for materials is shown in Figure 4-26. Between FY 2001 and FY 2005, there were large increases for catalysis and chemical transformations ($10 million)
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. In addition, the increased funds allowed NIGMS to make some substantial investments in high-field NMR spectrometers and synchrotron radiation facilities that serve a large number of investigators.
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SOURCE: http://www.er.doe.go/bes/brochures/CRA.html. BES Material S&E Core 4-25 ES Chem, Geo, Bio Core Research Activities Activities Research Engineering Research New version from Excel FY 2001 Geosciences Research FY 2005 Synthesis and Processing ical Energy and Chemical Engineering Science Heavy Element Chemistry Behavior of Materials Physical Mechanical Behavior and Separations and Analysis Radiation Effects This is an alternative alignment, "flush right" Catalysis and Chemical and Composition of Structure Transformations Materials rgy Biosciences Research Materials Chemistry tochemistry and Radiation Research and X-Ray Scattering Neutron emical Physics Research Condensed Matter Theory ic, Molecular, and Optical Experimental Condensed Science Matter Physics 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 Budget Authority in Dollars in Thousands FIGURE 4-26 DOE Basic Energy Sciences funding for material science and engi neering core research activities.
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The likelihood of investigator-initiated unsolicited R01 research grant applications being funded for all of NIH since 1999 is shown in Table 4-2. The success rates presented are for the original type-1 (new)
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Chemistry department data include departments with titles such as pharmaceutical chemistry, medicinal chemistry, chemistry and chemical biology, and chemistry and biochemistry as well as departments of chemistry. SOURCE: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Office of Program Analy sis and Evaluation compilation of chemistry department support based on data from the NIH IMPAC system.
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, Mathematical Sciences (DMS) , Astronomical Sciences (AST)
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The research proposal funding rate for NSF's Chemistry Division is shown in Table 4-3. The funding or success rate for proposals is the total number of grant applications funded in a given fiscal year divided by the number of different grant applications that were peer reviewed.
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Key capabilities for chemistry research include advanced light sources, scanning probe instruments, supercomputers, very high field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, advanced mass spectrometers, nuclear reactors and accelerators, and specialized facilities for chemical biology. • There is increasingly strong competition for international S&E human resources.
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Median Annual Size Analytical 2005 109 19 17 $124,333 Separations and 2004 94 23 24 $120,000 Measurements 2003 86 31 36 $100,000 2002 74 18 24 $102,382 2001 75 16 21 $124,880 2000 98 24 24 $115,978 1999 71 13 18 $122,800 1998 103 14 14 $78,125 1997 98 25 26 $74,750 Bimolecular 2005 72 17 24 $150,000 Processes 2004 85 21 25 $112,540 2003 94 26 28 $132,885 2002 86 28 33 $100,516 2001 64 20 31 $121,260 2000 86 26 30 $110,150 1999 45 21 47 $117,550 1998 44 17 39 $102,000 1997 47 16 34 $97,414 Chemical 2005 134 37 28 $70,380 Instrumentation 2004 141 33 23 $62,041 2003 99 28 28 $54,213 2002 107 28 26 $60,628 2001 93 30 32 $53,681 2000 131 41 31 $42,375 1999 129 44 34 $64,423 1998 112 43 38 $121,985 1997 255 80 31 $100,000 Chemistry 2005 93 4 4 $307,672 Education 2004 145 27 19 $38,535 2003 8 5 63 $78,568 2002 8 4 50 $49,938 2001 5 4 80 $71,857 2000 4 2 50 $66,621 1999 3 3 100 $367,167 1997 1 1 100 $29,954
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KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING LEADERSHIP CHE Funding Areas FY Proposals Awards Funding Rate (%) Median Annual Size Electrochemistry 2005 135 35 26 $126,667 and Surface 2004 107 29 27 $142,333 Chemistry 2003 100 34 34 $122,000 2002 117 42 36 $119,637 2001 96 37 39 $121,333 2000 100 27 27 $127,113 1999 113 39 35 $108,571 1998 94 26 28 $128,078 1997 77 44 57 $96,724 Major Research 2005 121 39 32 $98,279 Instrumentation 2004 106 41 39 $82,581 2003 124 46 37 $83,507 2002 125 42 34 $84,919 2001 138 54 39 $65,268 2000 57 17 30 $100,000 1999 46 18 39 $97,875 1998 54 12 22 $88,835 Materials Synthesis 2002 78 22 28 $120,000 and Processing 2001 103 18 17 $126,385 2000 53 15 28 $120,000 1999 38 12 32 $103,140 1998 39 14 36 $110,300 1997 39 9 23 $96,250 Methodology 2005 118 27 23 $135,000 2004 110 34 31 $124,767 2003 111 38 34 $131,285 2002 82 30 37 $122,217 2001 71 29 41 $126,667 2000 65 24 37 $117,882 1999 41 18 44 $115,470 1998 92 34 37 $102,980 1997 94 35 37 $86,375 Nanoscale: 2003 30 2 7 $100,000 Exploratory 2002 26 4 15 $69,500 Research 2001 3 3 100 $95,000 Nanoscale: 2005 21 1 5 $325,000 Intrdisciplinary 2004 22 1 5 $325,000 Research 2003 29 1 3 $262,978 2002 28 2 7 $287,779 2001 28 2 7 $315,000
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Median Annual Size Nanoscale: Science 2001 1 1 100 $3,295,000 and Engineering Center Physical and 2005 143 34 24 $136,500 Inorganic 2004 138 42 30 $124,833 2003 98 35 36 $113,000 2002 77 31 40 $120,000 2001 50 23 46 $148,233 2000 49 18 37 $125,000 1999 53 20 38 $126,933 1998 54 27 50 $130,000 1997 57 19 33 $112,667 SOURCE: NSF Budget Internet Information System available at http://dellweb.bfa.nsf.go/ (assessed October 6, 2006)
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