International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness (2007) / Chapter Skim
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5 Key Factors Influencing Leadership
5 Key Factors Influencing Leadership
Pages 182-223
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From page 182... ...
• Funding: Financial support for conducting chemical engineering research. 1 National Research Council, Experiments in International Benchmarking of US Research Fields, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.
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From page 183... ...
5.1.a A Strong U.S. Industrial Sector Leadership in chemical engineering research in the United States over the years has been strongly linked with the development of the U.S.
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From page 184... ...
Other federal mission agencies �Department of Defense, Department of Energy, National Institutes of Health, and the National Institute for Standards and Technology, also fund a great deal of physical science and engineering. The Small Business Administration �http://www.sba.go� supports the agency-wide Small Business Innovative Research program �SBIR�, which is a highly competitive program that encourages small businesses to explore their technological potential and provides the incentive to profit from its commercialization.
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From page 185... ...
8 KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING LEADERSHIP State Initiatives There have also been a growing number of state initiatives to foster innovation and stimulate economic growth: • Pennsylvania Infrastructure Technology Alliance �http://www.ices. cmu.edu/pita� is a program that is designed to aid in the transfer of knowledge to provide economic benefit to the state of Pennsylvania.
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From page 186... ...
dreyfus.org� • The Research Corporation �http://www.rescorp.org� • The American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation �http://www.gatesfoundation. org/default.htm� venture Capital Chemical engineers are increasingly involved in small business startup companies that often seek out venture capital funding.
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From page 187... ...
The Office of Basic Energy Sciences at the Department of Energy6 funds and operates several major facilities of relevance to chemical engineers that will be highlighted below: synchrotron radiation light sources, high-flux neutron sources, electron beam microcharacterization centers, nanoscale science research centers, and specialized single-purpose centers. There are also many 6 http://www.er.doe.go/production/bes/BESfacilities.htm.
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From page 188... ...
When available, important international facilities are included in the lists as well. The types of facilities of interest to chemical engineering research fall into the following broad categories: • materials synthesis and characterization facilities • materials micro- and nanofabrication • genetics, proteomics, and biological engineering • fossil fuel utilization facilities �combustion centers� • cyberinfrastructure �supercomputing� 5.2.a Materials Synthesis and Characterization Facilities Synthesis and characterization of materials often requires high-energy light sources -- such as synchrotron and neutron sources -- or other specialized facilities that need a significant level of funding to operate and maintain.
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From page 189... ...
The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences is a collaborative nano science user research facility for the synthesis, characterization, theory/ modeling/simulation, and design of nanoscale materials. Other agencies and even some universities support key nanofabrication facilities.
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5.2.d Fossil Fuel Utilization Facilities (Combustion Centers) Chemical engineers have long required capabilities for understanding combustion and fossil fuel utilization.
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KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING LEADERSHIP The Combustion Research Facility (CRF) at the Sandia National Labo ratories in Liermore7 is a Department of Energy Office of Science user facility, conducting basic and applied research that has pioneered the use of laser diagnostics for in situ measurements in a wide range of furnace and engine applications.
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From page 192... ...
supply of chemical engineers. 5.3.a Strong Competition for International Science and Engineering human Resources At the international level, the United States ranks lower than most industrialized nations in terms of the quantity of natural sciences and engineering degrees awarded per number of 24-year-olds in the general population �Figure 5.1�.
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From page 193... ...
FIgURE 5.1 Natural science and engineering �NS&E� degrees per 100 24-year-olds by country/economy, most recent year. SOURCE: Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 based on data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Center for Education Research and Innovation, Education database, http://www.oecd.org/scripts/cde/members/edu_uoeauthenticate.asp; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization �UNESCO�, Institute for Statistics database, http://www.
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NOTE: Data exclude postsecondary teachers because of census occupation coding. 5-02 SOURCE: Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 based on data from U.S.
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Citzens Temporary Residents 700 Number of Doctorate Recipients Permanent Residents Unknown Citizenship 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 Year FIgURE 5.5 Earned doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from U.S. institutions as a function of residency status, 1966-2004.
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From page 196... ...
In comparison, for the 213 non-U.S. chemical engineering departments who provided data to the University of Texas, Austin, Chemical Engineering Faculty Directory for the years 2003-04 or 2004-05, there were 1923 PhD degrees awarded.23 Graduate students in chemical engineering have been supported adequately over the past 20 years.
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From page 197... ...
However, there has been a change in where chemical engineers �not necessarily chemical engineering degree holders� are employed. Figure 5.10 below shows the decline of chemical engineers being employed in the chemical industry and the concomitant growth in the electronics industry.24 24 E.L.
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From page 198... ...
8 INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING 180,000 160,000 Employed Chemical Engineering Degree Holders 1999 140,000 2003 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Total Bachelor's Master's PhD Highest Degree FIgURE 5.8 Comparison of employed chemical engineering degree holders, 1999 and 2003. SOURCE: 2004 and 2006 S&E Indicators.
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They state that although overall employment in the U.S. chemical manufacturing industry is expected to decline, chemical companies will continue to carry out R&D on new chemicals and more efficient processes to increase output of existing chemicals.
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From page 200... ...
Data from the American Chemical Society 2004 Survey on Starting Salaries of Chemists and Chemical Engineers �Figure 5.11� shows that starting salaries for chemical engineers have steadily increased since 1975. However, this increase �4.74% average annually� has just barely kept pace with inflation.26 Earnings for more experienced chemical engineers �with PhDs� as measured by median annual salary since degree �Figure 5.12� has grown a bit more than starting salaries �3.7% annually�, but has also barely kept up with inflation.27 26 Consumer Price Index, average annual increase for 1975-2004 is 4.42% �Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation Calculator data.bles.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl accessed 9-8-06, a dollar in 1975 is equivalent to $3.51 in 2004�.
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From page 201... ...
The United States accounted for more than 40% of the yearly international expenditures for S&E. Between 1981 and 2001, the U.S.
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From page 202... ...
60,000 40,000 20,000 0 + 3 13 23 8 2 l 33 Al –3 3– 1– 9– – 24 14 Years Since Highest Degree 120,000 2003 100,000 Median Annual Salaries of U.S. Chemical Engineers with PhDs 80,000 (dollars)
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dollars. SOURCE: Appendix Table 4-42, Science and Engineering Indicators 2006.
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As in most of the developed nations �Figures 5.17 and 5.18�, the industrial sector in the United States spends the most on and performs most of the R&D. Industry funds about 60% of the R&D, and the federal government funds about 30%.
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From page 205... ...
In terms of constant 2000 dollars, the U.S. federal obligations for total research in chemical engineering declined from a high of about $ 350 million in 1992 to about $ 200 million in 2002 �Figure 5.21�.
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0 INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING 80.0 70.0 60.0 Percent R&D Expenditures 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 2 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 '0 '0 '0 '0 '0 '0 '0 '0 n y ce m a ia a es an pa ad re s do an at us Ko m Ja an St ng Fr R er C Ki d G te d ni te U ni U Country Industry Government Higher Education Private nonprofit FIgURE 5.17 International R&D expenditures for selected countries, percent distribution by source of funds. SOURCE: Appendix Table 4-44, S&E Indicators 2006.
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SOURCE: Table 4-14, Science and Engineering Indicators 2006. 5-19 500,000 R&D Expenditures at Universities and Colleges 450,000 400,000 350,000 (dollars in thousands)
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Below is a comparison of Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences funding for core research areas in chemistry, geosciences, and biosciences �Figure 5.24� and materials �Figure 5.25� for fiscal year 2001 and fiscal year
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Dollars for Chemical Engineering R&D NASA Defense NSF Agriculture Energy All Agencies 300,000 300,000 250,000 250,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 0 0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 Fiscal Year FIgURE 5.23 Federal obligations for total chemical engineering research, by select agency, fiscal years 1984-2003. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for R&D.
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5-24 BES Chem, Geo, Bio Core Research Activities Engineering Research FY 2001 Synthesis and Processing FY 2005 Science Physical Behavior of Materials Mechanical Behavior and Radiation Effects Structure and Composition of Materials Materials Chemistry Neutron and X-Ray Scattering Condensed Matter Theory Experimental Condensed Matter Physics 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 Budget Authority in Dollars in Thousands FIgURE 5.25 Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences funding for Material Science and Engineering Core Research Activities. SOURCE: http://www.er.doe.go/bes/brochures/CRA.html.
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From page 211... ...
Table 5.2 shows the overall research proposal 70.0 funding rate for CBET. While, the number of awards has remained 60.0 1993 50.0 2003 Percent Contribution 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 NSF DOE DOD NASA Agency FIgURE 5.26 Federal academic research obligations for chemical engineering provided by major agencies.
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From page 212... ...
SOURCE: National Institute of General Medical Sciences Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation compilation of biochemistry, chemistry, and chemical engineering department support based on data from the NIH IMPAC system. fairly stable and the median annual size of awards has increased between 1997 and 2005, the funding rate for awards has substantially decreased.
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From page 213... ...
SOURCE: NSF FY06 Budget request, available at http://www.nsf.go/about/budget �accessed October 5, 2006�. TABLE 5.2 Research Proposal Funding Rate for National Science Foundation Chemical, Bioengineering, Environment & Transport �CBET� Division from Fiscal Year 1997 to 2005.
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From page 214... ...
Many U.S. companies have eliminated or significantly reduced in size corporate or central research TABLE 5.3 Percentage of Foreign Doctorate Recipients Reporting Plans to Stay in the United States After Graduation, 1995-2003 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Definite Plans to Stay 34 35 42 44 46 49 49 54 52 48 Plans to Stay 62 65 67 68 67 70 71 74 73 71 SOURCE: Special Tabulation of Data from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, prepared by National Opinion Research Center.
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In particular, the National Science Foundation now dominates support for chemical engineering with 66% of academic research in the field. The overall federal research and development funding strategy for chemical engineering research is currently unbalanced.
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leadership. Key capabilities for chemical engineering research include materials synthesis and characterization, materials micro- and nanofabrication, genetics and proteomics, fossil fuel utilization, and cyberinfrastructure.
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5.5.d Cooperative government-Industry-Academia Research Maintaining a competitive advantage in chemical engineering depends on strong collaborations between government, industry, and academia. As industrial research focuses more and more on short-term �2-3 year� targeted advances and product impact, execution of longer term �5-10 year� basic and innovative exploratory research at universities and national laboratories will require even closer interactions.
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leadership. Key capabilities for chemical engineering research include materials synthesis and characterization, materials micro- and nanofabrication, genetics and proteomics, clean and efficient fossil fuel utilization, renewable energy sources, and cyberinfrastructure.
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However, with changes in U.S. citizenry interests and international capabilities, there is increasingly strong competition for international science and engineering human resources.
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Fiscal Number of Number of Funding Median CBET Funding Areas year Proposals Awards Rate Annual Size BIOCHEMICAL & 2005 34 5 15% $111,685 BIOMASS ENG 2004 49 8 16% $90,000 2003 84 11 13% $100,000 2002 57 15 26% $111,636 2001 61 21 34% $79,544 2000 66 19 29% $108,400 1999 75 27 36% $81,866 1998 60 20 33% $69,932 1997 63 20 32% $62,500 BIOMEDICAL 2005 301 32 11% $100,000 ENGINEERING 2004 324 33 10% $100,500 2003 218 30 14% $79,978 2002 282 37 13% $76,683 2001 248 45 18% $76,198 2000 265 66 25% $75,086 1999 164 45 27% $65,143 1998 159 53 33% $54,593 1997 158 40 25% $51,912 BIOPHOTONICS 2005 42 9 21% $110,000 PROGRAM 2004 27 7 26% $100,000 2003 37 9 24% $98,247 BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005 374 20 5% $100,000 2004 206 30 15% $138,271 2003 239 29 12% $109,242 2002 116 23 20% $128,642 2001 107 35 33% $99,999 2000 87 26 30% $101,490 1999 59 18 31% $88,327 1998 45 21 47% $85,000 1997 54 21 39% $63,847
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From page 221... ...
KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING LEADERSHIP Fiscal Number of Number of Funding Median CBET Funding Areas year Proposals Awards Rate Annual Size CATALYSIS AND 2005 161 23 14% $99,881 BIOCATALYSIS 2004 129 27 21% $81,325 2003 116 27 23% $87,185 2002 73 26 36% $74,999 2001 73 19 26% $84,000 2000 96 26 27% $79,501 1999 61 25 41% $70,000 1998 65 30 46% $83,073 1997 84 27 32% $60,650 COMBUSTION AND 2005 153 17 11% $76,495 PLASMA SYSTEMS 2004 73 15 21% $52,500 2003 78 31 40% $102,398 2002 53 23 43% $80,800 2001 49 22 45% $81,334 2000 75 24 32% $86,820 1999 56 23 41% $82,500 1998 45 16 36% $65,012 1997 69 23 33% $60,000 ENVIRONMENTAL 2005 306 42 14% $99,998 ENGINEERING 2004 205 47 23% $80,001 2003 273 50 18% $90,749 2002 163 40 25% $80,531 2001 127 32 25% $81,393 2000 59 17 29% $59,750 1999 50 13 26% $65,000 1998 87 17 20% $70,305 1997 118 29 25% $62,258 ENVIRONMENTAL 2005 51 12 24% $104,942 TECHNOLOGY 2004 70 12 17% $81,386 2003 78 4 5% $110,689 2002 54 17 31% $95,196 2001 150 26 17% $76,263 2000 147 30 20% $66,845 1999 133 20 15% $60,360 1998 97 34 35% $50,296 1997 115 45 39% $49,931
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From page 222... ...
INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING Fiscal Number of Number of Funding Median CBET Funding Areas year Proposals Awards Rate Annual Size FLUID DYNAMICS & 2005 228 25 11% $73,690 HYDRAULICS 2004 104 35 34% $81,200 2003 72 16 22% $80,000 2002 115 33 29% $75,000 2001 134 29 22% $75,000 2000 96 38 40% $70,000 1999 76 24 32% $58,125 1998 99 23 23% $67,083 1997 150 29 19% $62,500 INTERFAC TRANS & 2005 177 19 11% $90,155 THERMODYN PRO 2004 89 30 34% $80,000 2003 186 34 18% $51,991 2002 106 43 41% $83,094 2001 102 24 24% $81,054 2000 117 38 32% $73,041 1999 75 35 47% $62,500 1998 80 42 53% $57,305 1997 111 42 38% $64,500 PARTICULATE 2005 267 42 16% $60,000 &MULTIPHASE PROCES 2004 159 47 30% $80,000 2003 123 44 36% $77,703 2002 97 38 39% $62,126 2001 73 33 45% $69,583 2000 113 37 33% $89,999 1999 96 39 41% $56,250 1998 243 34 14% $50,000 1997 117 32 27% $49,653 PROCESS & REACTION 2005 221 23 10% $91,658 ENGINEERING 2004 194 26 13% $83,617 2003 117 26 22% $87,564 2002 72 30 42% $75,600 2001 101 27 27% $73,914 2000 137 32 23% $64,892 1999 84 28 33% $64,601 1998 51 21 41% $70,198 1997 69 21 30% $67,347
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From page 223... ...
KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING LEADERSHIP Fiscal Number of Number of Funding Median CBET Funding Areas year Proposals Awards Rate Annual Size SEPAR & PURIFICATION 2005 89 18 20% $89,999 PROCESSES 2004 61 23 38% $88,355 2003 117 26 22% $89,574 2002 48 13 27% $80,000 2001 77 28 36% $83,016 2000 96 29 30% $67,487 1999 60 28 47% $72,636 1998 61 28 46% $65,000 1997 67 27 40% $50,000 THERMAL TRANSPORT 2005 184 26 14% $83,404 & THERM PROC 2004 170 29 17% $83,559 2003 112 30 27% $87,185 2002 70 24 34% $84,030 2001 67 21 31% $73,683 2000 83 18 22% $73,542 1999 93 30 32% $84,118 1998 135 27 20% $63,267 1997 106 35 33% $60,054
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