International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness (2007) / Chapter Skim
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3 Benchmarking Results: Assessment of U.S. Leadership in Chemical Engineering At Large
3 Benchmarking Results: Assessment of U.S. Leadership in Chemical Engineering At Large
Pages 39-76
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From page 39... ...
Section 3.2 summarizes the analysis of chemical engineering publications and citations, while Section 3.3 presents the results of a patent analysis. Section 3.4 examines the distribution of prizes, awards, and other recognitions, and Section 3.5 summarizes the Panel's assessment of the current health of U.S.
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Electrochemical processes Engineering Science of Biological Biocatalysis and protein eng. Processes Cellular and metabolic eng.
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BENCHMARKING RESULTS: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT LARGE Virtual World Congress Virtual World Congress Speakers Speakers Organizers of �including duplications in �excluding duplications in Virtual World Congress nominations� nominations� No.
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names is not surprising given the historical strength of chemical engineering in the United States. The composition of the resulting Virtual World Congresses, overall and for the various subareas, is the outcome of significance for this benchmarking exercise.
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chemical engineering researchers should be viewed as lower bounds. 3.2.a Summary of the Macro Trends Analysis of publications and citations by chemical engineers in all three groups of journals has revealed the following trends: • Trend 1: The relative volume of the U.S.-originated journal publications by chemical engineers, as a fraction of the worldwide total, has been halved over the past 20 years.
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• Trend 4: The fraction of U.S.-originated contributions, in broadly based chemical engineering journals, with research subjects in the classical coreareas of transport processes, thermodynamics, kinetics and reaction engineering, and process systems engineering, has been reduced by more than the overall fraction in Trend-3, i.e., 50%-60% versus 25%-30% reductions. • Trend 5: The fraction of the top-cited �in the top 100 most-cited papers� U.S.-originated publications in broadly based chemical engineering journals has been reduced by one-third over the past 10-15 years.
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From page 45... ...
For example: TABLE 3.2 Number of Published Papers Originated from Researchers with Chemical Engineering Affiliation at Various Geographic Regions 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 United States 8,933 14,230 17,528 21,334 32,899 European Union 890 1,715 3,470 7,015 13,442 Japan 1,647 2,386 3,209 4,022 6,978 Canada 1,182 1,617 2,234 2,605 4,246 South America 81 121 271 651 1,863 Asia �China, Korea, 958 1,837 3,907 9,930 33,124 Taiwan, India�
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publications with U.S. chemical engineers as co-authors �period, 19851990�, 73 had a chemical engineer as the corresponding author, while 13 had a U.S.
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EU Canada Switzerland Asia Top 100 86 2 5 5 2 Top 100 73 10 3 1 13 Top 10 10 0 0 0 0 Top 10 6 3 1 Top 20 19 0 1 0 0 Top 20 13 4 1 2 Top 30 28 0 1 1 0 Top 30 20 4 2 1 3 Top 50 46 1 1 1 1 Top 50 37 6 2 1 4 Japanese contributions were in the top 100 and Asian contributions came from Korea and China. • Table 3.4 shows the distribution of the most-cited papers among the various subareas, used to characterize chemical engineering for the purposes of this report, thus underlining the shifts in research emphasis during the past 15-20 years.
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2 6 2d Electrochemical processes 0 0 Engineering Science of 3a Biocatalysis and protein eng. 1 3 Biological Processes 3b Cellular and metabolic eng.
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National Cancer Institute 5 0 Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2 0 Nature Biotechnology 0 4 Advanced Materials, Chemistry of Materials 0 5 Biomaterials, Biomacromolecules 0 3 100 % United States 90 European Union Japan 80 Asia 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-06 Time Period FIgURE 3.2 Percentage of journal articles with 200 or more citations, by region �e.g., 93% of all U.S. publications and 12% of all EU publications during 19801984 received more than 200 citations�.
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3-3 the four Asian countries with a relatively brief presence in the international chemical engineering arena. 3.2.c Analysis of Publications and Citations from Journals with Broad Coverage of Chemical Engineering Themes Three journals have become the main depositories of archival research contributions from a broad spectrum of chemical engineering activities across the world: AIChE Journal, with a 2005 Impact Factor �IF�1 = 2.036 • • Chemical Engineering Science, with an Impact Factor = 1.735 • Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, with an Impact Factor = 1.504 1 ImpactFactor is defined as the number of citations to a journal's published articles during the previous 2 years divided by the number of articles published in the journal.
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• The fractions of papers contributed from European Union and Asian researchers have been increasing at an appreciable rate. • Although the U.S.
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• Chemical Engineering Science: Analogous trends are revealed by the analysis of the publications in Chemical Engineering Science: o The percentage of papers from U.S. authors has decreased over the past 20 years, the contributions from the European Union have TABLE 3.6 Papers Published in AIChE Journal 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 No.
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o The percentages of most-cited papers from the United States has been on the decline, but it still maintains a very healthy leadership position. However, the gap is being closed by an increase in the percentages of most-cited papers from the European Union and Asia.
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of Papers % United States 860 47 1,139 39 1,705 32 European Union 359 20 707 24 1,448 27 Asia 291 16 497 17 1,183 22 Japan 136 7 168 6 299 6 Canada 93 5 193 7 318 6 South America 38 2 92 3 279 5 Other 49 3 99 4 41 2 Total Papers Published 1,829 2,895 5,273 then analysis of the data from the three journals indicates that α �1990-1995; Transport processes� / α �2000-2005; Transport processes� = 3.0 α �1990-1995; Thermodynamics� / α �2000-2005; Thermodynamics� = 3.0
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research contributions in broadly based chemical engineering journals has been decreasing and European Union and Asian contributions take up a larger share, chemical engineering researchers in the United States have been increasing their presence in scientific journals with contributions from many disciplines, such as Science, Nature, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. These are journals with significantly higher impact factors, indicating that U.S.
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This surge has been led by U.S. chemical engineering researchers, who have contributed 95% of these papers.
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• PNAS: The trends in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences publications �Tables 3.11 and 3.12� are similar to those observed in Science, namely an increasing fractional representation of chemical engineering contributions, with a dominant percentage of those contributions coming from the United States. TABLE 3.11 Number of Papers Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 No.
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We will not draw any conclusions here from TABLE 3.13 Chemical Engineering Contributions in Area-Specific Journals �numbers are percentages of papers contributed from chemical engineering researchers in the corresponding journal� 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 Total U.S. Total U.S.
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Environmental Engineering 4-10 2-6 Aerosol Science and Technology 10-20 7-15 J Aerosol Science 5-12 2-6 SIAM Journal on Optimization ~1 ~1 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1-2 1-2 Optimization and Engineering 5-15 4.8-14.5 Mathematical Programming 0.8-1.0 0.9-1.0 J
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• What is the impact of U.S. academic chemical engineering research in the formation of industrial patents?
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A sample of two European Union and two Japanese chemical engineering departments, all with excellent reputations for academic research, indicated that the corresponding index values are 0.05 to 0.1 patents per faculty per year, significantly lower than that of the active U.S. departments.
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• The percentage of references to U.S.-originated chemical engineering publications over the total number of references to all chemical engineering publications varied from 45% to 70%. The limited size of the analyzed set of patents notwithstanding, the above numbers suggest the following conclusions: • Publications of academic chemical engineering research appear with a frequency of 1 in 9 to 1 in 25 scientific references of the industrial patents examined.
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academic chemical engineering research enterprise �e.g., composition of the VWC, publications, and citations� was reflected in the strength of U.S. industrial research, manifested by strong and differentiating intellectual property position.
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The data suggest the following conclusions: • U.S. chemical engineering researchers have received a significant number of prestigious awards with international competition over a broad range of research subareas; fluid mechanics, catalysis, controlled drug release, bioprocesses, aerosol science and engineering, rheology, reaction engineering, combustion, and materials.
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chemical engineering research at large: • Conclusion 1: It has enjoyed a preeminent position for the past 50 years and is still at the "Forefront" or "Among the World Leaders" in every subarea of chemical engineering research. • Conclusion 2: For the last 10 years it has been facing increased competition from European Union and Asian countries, both in terms of volume of research output as well as quality and impact.
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UC Berkeley Berger, Scott AIChE Betenbaugh, Michael Johns Hopkins University Bizios, Rena University of Texas-San Antonio Blanch, Harvey UC Berkeley Blankschtein, Daniel MIT Blau, Gary Purdue University Blum, Frank University of Missouri-Rolla Bonvin, Dominique EPF Lausanne Bowman, Chris University of Colorado Brannon-Peppas, Lisa University of Texas-Austin Brinker, Jeffrey Sandia National Labs Buttrey, Douglas University of Delaware Cairns, Elton LBNL/UC Berkeley Caram, Hugo Lehigh University Carberry, John Dupont Chakraborty, Arup MIT Chen, Bingzhen Tsinghua University Chmelka, Bradley UC Santa Barbara Chornet, Esteban Usherbrooke �Canada� Chum, Stepen Dow Chemical Clift, Roland Surrey University, UK
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Ohio State University Feinberg, Martin Ohio State University Floudas, Christodoulos Princeton University Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Miretta Tufts University Forrest, Stephen University of Michigan Francis, Lorraine University of Minnesota Frank, Timothy Dow Chemical Fredrickson, Glenn UC Santa Barbara Friedlander, Sheldon K UCLA Froment, Gilbert Texas A&M Fuller, Gerry Stanford University Gani, Rafique Technical University of Denmark Gasteiger, Hubert University Duesseldorf Genzer, Jan North Carolina State University Georgiou, George University of Texas-Austin Gandhi, Harendra Ford Motor Co Glaborg, Peter DTU �Denmark� Gladden, Lynn Cambridge University Goodenough, John University of Texas-Austin Gooding, Charles Clemson University
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Helsinki University of Technology �Finland� Keasling, Jay UC Berkeley Khakar, Devang Vipin Indian Institute of Technology Khan, Saad North Carolina State University Kletz, Trevor Loughborough University �UK� Klibanov, Alexander MIT Klimov, Victor LANL Kohlbrand, Henry Dow Chemical Konstantinov, Konstantin Bayer Corp Kopecek, Jindrich University of Utah Krishnamoorti, Ramanan University of Houston Ladisch, Mike Purdue University Lahti, Paul University of Massachusetts Lange, Frederick UC Santa Barbara Langer, Robert MIT
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Mallapragada, Surya Iowa State University Mallouk, Tom Penn State University Malone, Michael University of Massachusetts Maranas, Costas Penn State University Marinan, Mark Dow Chemical Mark, J.E. University of Cincinnati Marlin, Tom McMaster University Marquardt, Wolfgang RWTH-Aachen Marrucci, Guiseppe University of Naples �Italy� McAvoy, Tom University of Maryland McCarty, Perry L
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Harmon University of Wisconsin Register, Richard Princeton University Reklaitis, Gintaras Purdue University Richon, Dominque CEP/TEP, ENSMP �France� Rochelle, Gary University of Texas-Austin Russel, William Princeton University Russell, Alan University of Pittsburgh Sandler, Stan University of Delaware Schaak, Raymond Texas A&M University Schaffer, David UC Berkeley Schowalter, William Princeton University Schuth, Ferdi MPI für Kohlenforschung �Germany� Scranton, Alec University of Iowa Seal, Sudipta University of Central Florida Seborg, Dale UC Santa Barbara Sefton, Michael University of Toronto �Canada� Sehanobish, Kalyan Dow Automotive Seinfeld, John California Institute of Technology Shafi, Asjad Dow Chemical Shah, Nilay Imperial College �UK� Shirtum, Page RPS Engineering Shuler, Mike Cornell University Siddall, Jon Dow Chemical Sidkar, Subhas NMRL, EPA Sierka, Raymond University of Arizona
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Sinclair Curtis, Jennifer University of Florida Smith, Philip University of Utah Smith, Robin University of Manchester Spannangel, Mary Anne University of Illinois Stephanopoulos, Gregory MIT Stone, Howard Harvard University Stadther, Mark University of Notre Dame Stucky, Galen UC Santa Barbara Stupp, Sam Northwestern University Sundaresan, Sankaran Princeton University Teja, Amyn Georgia Tech Tester, Jefferson MIT Thibodeaux, Louis Louisiana State University Tirrell, David California Institute of Technology Tirrell, Matthew UC Santa Barbara Towler, Gavin UOP �USA� Vaia, Rich AFRL Varma, Arvind Purdue University Vayenas, Constantinos G University of Patras Velev, Orlin North Carolina State University Virkar, Anil University of Utah Wall, Terry University of Newcastle Wandrey, Christian Institute of Biotechnology �Germany� Wang, Danny MIT Wang, Zhen-Gang California Institute of Technology Wassick, John Dow Chemical Webb, Colin University of Manchester Weber, W.J.
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7 INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING ExPERT (vWC Organizer) AFFILIATION Zaks, Alex Schering-Plough Zasadzinski, Joseph UC Santa Barbara Zhao, Huimin University of Illinois Zheng, Zhipling University of Arizona
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7 BENCHMARKING RESULTS: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AT LARGE APPENDIx 3B The List of Journals Examined for Publications and Citations 2005 Impact No. Journal Factor Journals with Broad Coverage of Sciences and Engineering 1 Science 30.927 2 Nature 29.273 3 Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 10.231 4 Physical Review Letters 7.489 5 Journal of the American Chemical Society 7.419 Journals with Broad Coverage of Chemical Engineering Research 6 AIChE Journal 2.036 7 Chemical Engineering Science 1.735 8 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 1.504 9 Chemical Engineering Research and Design 0.792 10 Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 0.574 11 Chemie Ingenieur Technik 0.392 Area-1: Engineering Science of Physical Processes 12 Journal of Physical Chemistry B 4.033 13 Journal of Chemical Physics 3.138 14 Journal of Membrane Science 2.654 15 Journal of Rheology 2.423 16 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2.061 17 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2.023 18 Separation and Purification Technology 1.752 19 Separation and Purification Review 1.571 20 Granular Matter 1.517 21 Fluid Phase Equilibria 1.478 22 Rheologica Acta 1.432 23 Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 1.398 24 Molecular Simulation 1.345 25 International Journal of Multiphase Flow 1.306 26 Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 1.268 27 Powder Technology 1.219 28 Separation Science and Technology 0.834 Area-2: Engineering Science of Chemical Processes 29 Angewandte Chemie �International Edition� 9.596 30 Journal of Catalysis 4.780 31 Macromolecules 4.024 32 Applied Catalysis-B 3.809 33 Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 3.027 34 Journal of Power Sources 2.770 35 Applied Catalysis-A 2.728
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7 INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING 2005 Impact No. Journal Factor 36 Electrochimica Acta 2.453 37 Catalysis Today 2.365 38 Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2.190 39 Solid State Ionics 1.571 40 Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 1.282 41 International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 1.188 42 Surface and Interface Analysis 0.918 43 Journal of Polymer Engineering 0.312 44 Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 0.307 Area-3: Engineering Science of Biological Processes 45 Nature Biotechnology 22.738 46 Bioinformatics 6.019 47 Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 4.684 48 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3.818 49 Protein Science 3.618 50 Metabolic Engineering 2.484 51 Biotechnology & Bioengineering 2.483 52 Biotechnology Progress 1.985 53 Process Biochemistry 1.796 54 Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1.705 55 Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 0.807 Area-4: Molecular and Interfacial Science and Engineering 56 Journal of Physical Chemistry B 4.033 57 Langmuir 3.705 58 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2.023 59 Colloids and Surfaces B 1.588 60 Colloids and Surfaces A 1.499 Area-5: Materials 61 Progress in Polymer Science 16.045 62 Nature Materials 15.941 63 Nano Letters 9.847 64 Advanced Materials 9.107 65 Advanced Functional Materials 6.770 66 Chemistry of Materials 4.818 67 Inorganic Chemistry 3.851 68 Acta Materialia 3.430 69 Polymer 2.849 70 Composites Science and Technology 2.184 71 Journal of Materials Research 2.104 72 Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 1.739 73 Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1.586 74 Journal of the European Ceramic Society 1.567 75 Materials Research Bulletin 1.380
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0.387 82 Journal of Polymer Engineering 0.312 Area-6: Biomedical Products and Biomaterials 83 Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 7.189 84 Biomaterials 4.698 85 Journal of Controlled Release 3.696 86 Biomacromolecules 3.618 87 Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2.916 88 Tissue Engineering 2.887 89 Pharmaceutical Research 2.752 90 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2.743 91 European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2.347 92 Annals of Biomedical Engineering 1.997 93 Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 1.409 94 Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 1.248 Area-7: Energy 95 Carbon 3.419 96 Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 3.371 97 Combustion and Flame 2.258 98 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2.002 99 Fuel 1.674 100 Energy and Fuel 1.494 101 Fuel Process Technology 1.171 102 SPE Journal 0.816 103 Combustion Science and Technology 0.774 104 Proceedings Combustion Institute 0 Area-8: Environmental Impact and Management 105 Environmental Science and Technology 4.054 106 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3.495 107 Water Research 3.019 108 Journal of Geophysical Research 2.784 109 Atmospheric Environment 2.724 110 Tellus B 2.592 111 Journal of Aerosol Science 2.477 112 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2.414 113 Chemosphere 2.297 114 Journal of Atmospheric Science 2.078 115 Water Resources Research 1.939
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From page 76... ...
7 INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKING 2005 Impact No. Journal Factor 116 Aerosol Science and Technology 1.935 117 Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 1.733 118 Ground Water 1.419 119 Journal of Nanoparticle Research 1.699 120 Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 1.317 121 Ecological Economics 1.179 Area-9: Process Systems Development and Engineering 122 INFORMS Journal on Computing 1.762 123 Automatica 1.693 124 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 1.509 125 Computers & Chemical Engineering 1.501 126 Mathematical Programming 1.497 127 Journal of Process Control 1.433 128 SIAM Journal on Optimization 1.238 129 Chemical Engineering and Processing 1.159 130 Computational Optimization and Applications 0.886 131 Chemical Engineering Research & Design 0.792 132 Chemical Engineering and Technology 0.678 133 Journal of Global Optimization 0.662 134 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 0.612 135 Annals of Operations Research 0.525 136 Process Safety Progress 0.320 137 Optimization and Engineering
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