International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness (2007) / Chapter Skim
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4 Benchmarking Results: Detailed Assessment of U.S. Leadership by Area of Chemical Engineering
4 Benchmarking Results: Detailed Assessment of U.S. Leadership by Area of Chemical Engineering
Pages 77-181
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From page 77... ...
Based on the analysis of data regarding the composition of the VWC, publications and citations, patents, recognition of individual researchers through prizes and awards, and prevailing trends, the Panel compiled an overall assessment for each subarea in terms of the following two indices: • Current Position of U.S. Research in Chemical Engineering • Expected Future Position of U.S.
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From page 78... ...
Transport phenomena, with or without chemical reaction, are at the heart of all processing systems at any scale �macro, micro, nano� and as such are at the very core of chemical engineering; indeed, in what may be a commonly held belief, they define chemical engineering. In defining the scope of this subarea we have considered traditional aspects of fluid mechanics, such as low Reynolds number flows and turbulent flows including multiphase flows; fluid-particle systems; all types of mass and heat transport, including chemically assisted mass transport; flows of complex fluids �connecting smoothly with rheology�; flows induced by electric or magnetic fields �bridging with colloidal science�; and transport at interfaces.
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From page 79... ...
contributions, across disciplines, from 1990 to 2006, increased by a factor of 2, but its relative percentage was reduced by 9%, due to higher rates from, European Union �EU� and Asia �see Table 4.1�. In terms of quality and the impact, U.S.
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From page 80... ...
chemical engineers in the Virtual World Congress for this subarea, and both indicate that the relative U.S. position is "Dominant, at the Forefront," in relationship to chemical engineering research elsewhere in the world.
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From page 81... ...
With the exception of niche centers such as Stanford's Center for Turbulence Research �largely dominated by mechanical engineering�, the United States has surprisingly few large institutes wholly dedicated to fluid mechanics and mass transport, and even fewer with a significant component of chemical engineering. �There are, however, a few devoted to mixing, for example�.
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From page 82... ...
In addition to the mainstream chemical engineering journals, such as AIChE Journal, I&EC Research and Chemical Engineering Science
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From page 83... ...
paper to about 1.0. Significant increases in submissions from European Union and Asian countries have been the main factor contributing to this change.
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From page 84... ...
These reductions are primarily due to higher growth rates in other parts of the world, notably European Union and Asia. In terms of quality and impact, Table 4.8 summarizes the distribution of the 50 most-cited papers for three groups of journals.
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From page 85... ...
Eng. Papers 2 1 4 17 13 7 5 3 8 �% share among chemical engineering papers� �100%� �100%� �100%� �50%� �42%� �28%� �70%� �50%� �89%� 8
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From page 86... ...
Participants in the Virtual World Congress spanned a range of ages
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From page 87... ...
The relative lack of experimental activity may be worrisome for the future prospects. From the publication analysis there appears to be no dramatic shift in the international distribution of articles with the United States and EU a substantial majority, but there is a noticeable increase of papers from China in Fluid Phase Equilibria.
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From page 88... ...
This share was only slightly below the 67% of the overall U.S. participation in the Virtual World Congress participation.
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From page 89... ...
participation in the Virtual World Congress. However, when we consider only chemical engineering researchers, publications and Virtual World Congress participation come closer in agreement.
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From page 90... ...
The current U.S. position is at the "Forefront/Among World Leaders," and in the near future, it will be "Among World Leaders." 4.1.d Separations Separation is critical to every chemical process and, typically, more than half of the invested capital in a plant is dedicated to separation and purification.
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From page 91... ...
Furthermore, the Virtual World Congress suggested that 65% of the speakers would be from the United States and examination of U.S. patents granted in separations for 1995, 2000, and 2004 reveals that 55%, 53%, and 56%, respectively, were assigned to U.S.
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From page 92... ...
The area of membrane separations will continue to be strong and thriving. The European Union is the primary competitor in terms of quality and impact �see numbers of cited papers, above�.
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From page 93... ...
participants in the Virtual World Congress was 83% when duplication of names is allowed, and the percentage dropped to 51% when duplication was not allowed. This indicates that several U.S.
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From page 94... ...
Chemical engineers have more than doubled their contribution, but the relative percentage has remained the same. Asia �including Australia� dominates the numbers, but not the quality and impact �see Table 4.13�, which is dominated by the European Union.
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From page 95... ...
Eng. Papers 7 5 5 �% share among chemical engineering papers� �41%� �25%� �30%� on rheology, for example, in which there is a commonality of infrastructure across industries.
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From page 96... ...
4.2 AREA-2: ENgINEERINg SCIENCE OF ChEMICAL PROCESSES This area encompasses research in the science and engineering of processes, which are characterized, primarily, by chemical transformations. It has been divided into the following four subareas: • catalysis • kinetics and reaction engineering • polymerization reaction engineering • elecrochemical processes 4.2.a Catalysis Catalysts accelerate the rate of chemical reactions by reducing their energy of activation.
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From page 97... ...
The Virtual World Congress in catalysis identified 144 speakers of whom 56% were from the United States when duplication in names was allowed and 50% when duplication was disallowed. The large non-U.S.
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From page 98... ...
These business activities represent rapid growth areas in Asia while they are stagnant in the U.S. and in the European Union.
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From page 99... ...
This is going to stimulate more R&D funding in catalysis, producing more graduates as well. Another major stimulus for catalysis research is the emerging and rapidly growing petrochemical industry in developing countries such as China and India.
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From page 100... ...
The European Union and Japan are two principal and nearly equal competitors. However, one should not overlook the progressive deterioration of the U.S.
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From page 101... ...
Notable is the European Union dominance in recent times �38%�, followed by Asia �22%�, and the United States �19%�. Of the eight experts for the Virtual World Congress, seven were from the United States.
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From page 102... ...
position is "Among World Leaders," and although in the future this position is expected to weaken, the United States will remain "Among World Leaders." 4.2.c Polymerization Reaction Engineering Development of synthetic polymers has been one of the most successful achievements of the chemical industry in the past 80 years, with numerous applications in the fiber, rubber, plastics, and coatings industries. In the early years, polymers like polystyrene or high-pressure polyethylene were produced mainly by radical polymerization, but catalytic polymerizations attained rapid industrial importance.
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From page 103... ...
Eleven experts �10 from the United States� suggested 89 scientists and engineers for the Virtual World Congress with 44% of them from the United States, indicating a leading U.S. position in this subarea.
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From page 104... ...
13 12 9 EU 6 7 11 Asia 5 10 9 Canada 6 1 1 TABLE 4.17 Distribution of Polymerization Reaction Engineering Published and Most-Cited Papers in I&EC Research, AIChE Journal, and Chemical Engineering Science 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 % % % Total Number of Papers 112 247 491 No.
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From page 105... ...
For example, analysis of the patents on polymerization catalysts filed in the United States during the period 1990-2005 indicates that U.S. companies filed as many patents �about 1,700� as European Union �about 900� and Japanese �about 800� companies combined.
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From page 106... ...
The European Union and Japan are very strong in this area while the other Asian countries are making significant strides in more classical technologies. Panel's Summary Assessment.
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From page 107... ...
The Virtual World Congress poll yielded 67 speakers, 57% of whom are from the United States when name duplication is allowed or 50% when duplications are disallowed. Five journals were analyzed for U.S.
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From page 108... ...
The U.S. share is declining, the European Union share is stable, and the Asian share is increasing.
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From page 109... ...
For example, the steady growth of commercial biotherapeutics is testimony of efficient production methods and manufacturing technologies that utilize cellular engineering and bioprocess engineering, among many other engineering contributions. Furthermore, as this industry continues to mature and bring more products to market, chemical engineering can be expected to play an ever-increasing role.
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From page 110... ...
Biocatalysis encompasses the use of enzymes and whole cells to carry out biotransformations on a wide range of scales, from analytical devices to industrial processes. Enzymes are often used in heterogeneous formulations, which raise many of the same issues as heterogeneous chemical catalysts for reaction engineering and reactor design.
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From page 111... ...
Eng. 1 0.49 3 1.19 17 3.31 Internationalization �overlap� 5.39 1.19 2.73 TABLE 4.21 Percentage of Papers Published in Biotechnology & Bioengineering That Include an Author with a Chemical or Biochemical Engineering Affiliation Based on Total Papers Based on Most-Cited Papers �all chemical engineers� �U.S.
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From page 112... ...
The Virtual World Congress proposed for this subarea includes 130 nominations, 54% of which were for U.S.-based researchers, the lowest percentage of the four subareas. When duplication of names was disallowed, the percentage of U.S.
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From page 113... ...
Of the Virtual World Congress participants in this subarea, 63% �duplications disallowed� or 69% �duplications allowed� were from the United States. 4.3.d Systems, Computational, and Synthetic Biology This subarea actually encompasses separate but overlapping subareas, all of which interface closely with biological sciences.
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Notably, 78%-79% of the Virtual World Congress participants in this subarea were from the United States, the highest of all four subareas. Relative Strengths and Weaknesses.
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From page 115... ...
From improved health care to renewable energy to a clean and sound environment, biochemical engineering, as defined by the sum of the four subareas, has enormous potential for positive impact. In this regard, as chemical engineering shifts or expands its focus more toward product design, as opposed to process design, biological systems could occupy a position of even greater importance.
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From page 116... ...
These areas, at least, require strengthening to avoid further slippage against an expanding base of international competition. The Panel expects that the following subjects will attract researchers' attention in the future: • Biocatalysis and protein engineering: biomimetic catalysts and functionally robust enzyme mimics; biocatalytic composites combining enzymatic function and advanced material properties including nanoscale structures; advanced algorithms for protein structure-function prediction • Cellular and metabolic engineering: integration of stem cell biology into tissue engineering; design of cellular systems with specialized functions and/or enhanced synthetic capabilities • Bioprocess engineering: efficient and sustainable production of biofuels; plant-based vaccines and biotherapeutics; cell-free systems for the synthesis and production of bioproducts; marine biotechnology and marine-derived processes • Systems, computational, and synthetic biology: integration of modeling, analysis, and design of genetic and metabolic processes; elucidating the structure of signal transduction pathways; creation of novel biological entities and technologies through the assembly of disparate "parts" from multiple sources Panel's Summary Assessment • Biocatalysis and protein engineering: The current position is "Among World Leaders," and in the future the United States will be "Gaining or Extending" this position relative to others.
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From page 117... ...
The results of the Virtual World Congress poll show the United States to be in a "Dominant, at the Forefront" position today �60%-70%�, followed by the European Union. Despite the dominance of materials scientists and chemists in this field, chemical engineers have significant presence.
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From page 118... ...
Relative Strengths and Weaknesses. The Virtual World Congress analysis shows that today the United States is a world leader in this field with 60%70% of the top experts identified in the exercise.
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From page 119... ...
authors �three of these with authors from at least one other country�. Eight papers had European Union authors, and nine had authors from China.
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From page 120... ...
For the purposes of this report, the Panel divided the area of materials into the following four subareas: • polymers • inorganic and ceramic materials • composites • nanostructured materials Research in biomaterials and materials for cell and tissue engineering are discussed in Area-6 �see Sections 4.6.b and 4.6.c�. 4.5.a Polymers While most people equate polymers simply with plastics, these versatile and diverse materials are critical to the manufacture of an enormous range of products that include semiconductor chips, medical and pharmaceutical products, food packages, structural materials, materials for automobiles and airplanes, adhesives, paints, many other types of protective and functional coatings, and numerous consumer and household items.
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From page 121... ...
On the basis of a total name count of 341, U.S.-based experts were more likely to receive multiple votes from the 20 experts, since the nonunique name count was 74% for U.S.-based Virtual World Congress speakers �see Table 3.1�. Detailed analysis of the names of the speakers shows that the European Union and Japan make up most of the non-U.S.
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From page 122... ...
Worldwide chemical engineering contributions have also doubled in number, with the fraction of the total remaining roughly constant. Finally, U.S.
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From page 123... ...
chemical engineers dominate the list of most cited among chemical engineering contributions �>75%� in each period analyzed �Table 4.27�. Tables 4.28 and 4.29 show the results for the journal Polymer.
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From page 124... ...
Relative Strengths and Weaknesses. The Virtual World Congress analysis shows that today the United States is a world leader in this field with ~70% of the top experts.
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From page 125... ...
This will drive more innovation and scientific discovery in academic, government, and industrial laboratories around the world. The increasing participation of chemical engineering contributions in the leading polymer journals is also an indication that this group believes in the importance of this area.
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From page 126... ...
The two most highly cited articles authored by chemical engineers dealt with inorganic materials. A survey of the key journals in this area �Adanced Materials, Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry of Materials, Materials Research Bulletins, Inorganic Materials� reveals that the U.S.
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From page 127... ...
In addition, countries in the European Union enjoy significantly greater opportunities for longer-range funding than seems to be experienced in the United States today. In spite of the need for continued growth in inorganic materials, given their temperature stability, versatile chemical and physical properties, and independence from hydrocarbon as a feedstock, the disappearance of much of the U.S.
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From page 128... ...
The European Union has maintained investment and continues in a leadership role. European Union legislation and priorities
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From page 129... ...
Of the uniquely named speakers proposed by the Virtual World Congress, 70% were from the U.S. This validates that the work in the United States is of high quality.
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From page 130... ...
Currently, the United States is "Among World Leaders," and in the future, the United States will be "Maintaining" its relative position. 4.5.d Nanostructured Materials A nanostructured material is generally considered to be any material that has a feature of interest in at least one dimension that is 1 to 100 nanometers in size, or "nanoscale." Nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanocapsules, nanocrystalline materials �e.g., metals and ceramics�, nanocomposites with structures modulated in some way at the nanoscale, and nanoporous solids are the most common subjects in this area.
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From page 131... ...
National Nanotechnology Initiative �NNI� in 2001 has fueled much activity with a total funding of over $6.5 billion through 2007 on nanotechnology from this funding source alone. Polling of 13 world leaders in nanostructured materials resulted in the identification of 123 unique Virtual World Congress speakers, 65% of whom were U.S.
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From page 132... ...
It is also clear that there is a very significant increase in the number �and fraction� of chemical engineering contributions worldwide. This is clearly a field that has seen growing interest from chemical engineers.
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From page 133... ...
fraction of the total number of papers has been decreasing continuously due to the significant increase in the number of papers from Asia and the European Union. Chemical engineering contributions in Chemistry of Materials and Adanced Functional Materials, worldwide, represent a respectable 8%9%, much like the participation rate in 2000-2006 in Nano Letters and Adanced Materials.
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From page 134... ...
position is at the "Forefront," and in the future, the United States will be "Gaining or Extending" its relative position. 4.6 AREA-6: BIOMEDICAL PRODUCTS AND BIOMATERIALS Chemical engineering research in health care-related matters has at least a 40-year-long history.
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From page 135... ...
chemical engineers, considering that the field of drug delivery and controlled release started as a subarea of pharmaceutical sciences, and a clear recognition of the contributions of chemical engineers in the field. Drug delivery scientists disseminate their research in original publications and review articles.
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From page 136... ...
In terms of quality and impact, Table 4.35 summarizes the main results: the United States, the European Union �including Switzerland for this categorization�, and Asia �primarily Japan and Korea� approximately share the fractions of most-cited papers, e.g., 10/10/10 �1995-1999� and 13/9/8 �2000-2006�. Three more traditional pharmaceutical journals that publish not only drug delivery papers but also papers in pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, in vitro/in vivo correlations, etc., are Pharmaceutical Research, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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From page 137... ...
However, this is an area of significant interest and attention around the world. The European Union, Switzerland, and Asia have excellent research programs in drug delivery, as manifested by their strong presence in the list of the most-cited papers, and the levels of investment and research activity are growing strongly.
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From page 138... ...
Polling of 10 world leaders in biomaterials for the Virtual World Congress resulted in the identification of 77 unique speakers, 81% of whom were U.S. based.
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From page 139... ...
publications in 2005. The chemical engineering contributions were 19%.
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From page 140... ...
As with drug delivery, the international competition has increased substantially. European Union and Asian investments in research and business development are significant and constitute a very visible threat to the U.S.
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From page 141... ...
Eight experts identified 94 participants for the Virtual World Congress.
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From page 142... ...
position is at the "Forefront," and in the future, the United States will be "Maintaining" its relative position. 4.7 AREA-7: ENERgy Energy provides the underpinning of an industrial society, with fossil energy dominating total energy consumption globally �~ 89%� and in the United States �~86%�.
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From page 143... ...
Virtual World Congress sessions were organized on reservoir engineering, LNG, coal gasification and coal liquefaction. The results are as follows: • All of the speakers for reservoir engineering were from the United States, mostly petroleum engineers with a significant contribution �20%� from chemical engineers.
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From page 144... ...
Again the major other contributors are the European Union and China, with an increasing contribution from India. Relative Strengths and Weaknesses.
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BENCHMARKING RESULTS: BY AREA OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 450 United States 400 China 350 Number of Publications 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year FIgURE 4.1 Publications related to gasification by United States and China for 1975-2005. SOURCE: Data collected and presented by L
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From page 146... ...
Opportunities in which the United States has a major stake are the development of gasification, cleanup, and syngas utilization technologies that take advantage of developments in nanostructured materials. Carbon capture and sequestration could become
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From page 147... ...
Sessions in the Virtual World Congress were organized on combustion science, technology, and policy; emissions from both automotive and stationary sources; clean and efficient power generation; micro and solid oxide fuel cells; ion transport membranes; carbon oxidation and gasification; and oxy-fuel combustion. Of the eight experts, five �62.5%� were from the United States.
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From page 148... ...
As evidenced by representation in the Virtual World Congress and in publications on energy and combustion, the United States has maintained a strong position in the combustion field. Additional measures of the quality of the U.S.
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The United States is taking the lead for the former and the European Union, Japan, and Australia the latter. Development of these technologies will require major inputs from the engineering community with chemical engineers being particularly in demand for the gasification route.
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From page 150... ...
Chemical engineers contributed more than their peer groups �chemistry, biomedical engineering, biology, and materials science� to Biomass and Bioenergy. The sessions for the Virtual World Congress were limited, and the samplings of journals was too small to draw any firm conclusions, but they support the perception that chemical engineers are aligned best with biomass utilization, both direct and after conversion to syngas, green chemicals, and biodiesel.
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From page 151... ...
The current U.S. position is "Among World Leaders," and in the future, the United States will be "Maintaining" this relative position.
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From page 152... ...
Chemical engineers, however, have taken the lead in selected areas, such as modeling the fate and transport of pollutants, aerosol science and technology, and controlling pollutants at their source. The four subareas covered in the Virtual World Congress are: • air pollution • water pollution • aerosol science and engineering • green engineering 4.8.a Air Pollution Air pollution deals with sources of air pollutants, their transport and transformation in the atmosphere, and their impact on health, the natural environment, and materials.
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From page 153... ...
The national affiliation of speakers was 46% United States, 26% European Union, and 18% Asia. • The Virtual World Congress speakers from environmental monitoring and the modeling of urban, regional, and global air pollution were drawn from a variety of disciplines, with major contributions from atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric science, and civil and environmental engineering.
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From page 154... ...
The European Union is taking the lead in waste treatment technologies motivated by the Landfill Directive of the European Union. The United States is falling behind in the implementation and realization into commercial practice of new pollutant control ideas.
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From page 155... ...
Technologies for water purification draw on traditional chemical engineering process development and implementation. Chemical engineers also contribute to the biotreatment of wastes together with civil, environmental, and bioengineers.
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From page 156... ...
The European Union had the largest contribution to Water Science and Technology �52%� and the second largest to the other journals. Relative Strengths and Weaknesses.
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From page 157... ...
The current U.S. position is "Among World Leaders," and in the future, the United States will be "Maintaining" its relative position.
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From page 158... ...
The experts for the Virtual World Congress focused on two areas with the following results: • The formation of atmospheric aerosols and enironmental consequences. In this area the United States contributed 70% percent of the speakers, the European Union contributed 25%.
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From page 159... ...
authors increased over the period surveyed, but the U.S. percentage decreased because of greater growth rates from the European Union and China.
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From page 160... ...
U.S. researchers are active in the area and will continue to play a major role with major competition coming from the European Union �in the area of environmental aerosols� and Asia �Japan, in nanostructured materials�.
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From page 161... ...
Themes selected for the Virtual World Congress were sustainability, product engineering, technologies for a sustainable environment, and industrial ecology and life-cycle management. The United States contributed the majority �62%� of the speakers to the Virtual World Congress, with the European Union contributing most �34%� of the balance.
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From page 162... ...
The Virtual World Congress and publications show a strong U.S. leadership in these areas, with competition coming mainly from the European Union, in part because of strong governmental and industry support for innovations in these areas.
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From page 163... ...
U.S. researchers have taken a healthy leadership position and have been involved in all of these efforts, but the European Union has taken a more decisive position.
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From page 164... ...
As in all research involving methodological developments, the application of new techniques to challenging practical problems is a key part of research in this area. Four distinct subareas of research activities make up the research scope of this area: • process development and design • dynamics, control, operational optimization • safety and operability of chemical plants • computational tools and information technology The mainstream chemical engineering journals, AIChE Journal, I&EC Research, and to lesser extent, Chemical Engineering Science, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, and the Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, along with the area-specific journals, Computers and Chemical Engineering and the Journal of Process Control have been the primary depositories of research contributions by chemical engineers in this area worldwide.
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From page 165... ...
The corresponding percentage for European Union papers has been reduced, and Asian contributions have increased significantly �from 7% to 21%�, a phenomenon which is completely in line with the rates of industrial investments in commodity plants observed in China and India during the past 10 years. Looking at the years 2003 to 2005, the total number of articles published in the journal �which obviously covers a broader field than only process design methodologies� grew from 129 in 2003 to 213 in 2005, a growth rate of 65%.
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From page 166... ...
Research on novel manufacturing concepts �e.g., process intensification, miniaturization� also falls under this heading and involves skill sets brought forth by a variety of skilled chemical engineers. With the emphasis on molecular-level understanding that characterizes current trends in chemical engineering research, systematic approaches to process development are being explored for micro- and nanoscale processes.
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From page 167... ...
Given the breadth of the subarea, and the fact that many contributions are published in "generalist," mainstream chemical engineering journals �AIChE Journal, Chemical Engineering Science, and Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research�, it is difficult to draw reliable conclusions for this topic from an analysis of publications. A limited examination of publications in these three journals indicated that the number of U.S.-papers per non-U.S.
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From page 168... ...
Future Prospects. Some of the most significant advances in process development and design during the past 10 years are the following: industrial implementation of systematic process synthesis methodologies and algorithmic procedures for continuous and batch plants; widespread implementation of residual curve maps for the design of distillation separations; engineering of integrated process networks �e.g., reaction, energy, mass, and water�; process intensification �e.g., microplants, modular plants�; and integrated process design and control.
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From page 169... ...
The figures indicate a marginal, though possibly insignificant, decline in the U.S. share of contributions between the two 5-year periods, with strong growth �in share and numbers� from the European Union and Canada.
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From page 170... ...
An analysis based on the 30 most-cited papers from the journal is shown in Table 4.41. The results reveal that the United States and the European Union maintain a strong lead based on this criterion, although it is perhaps too early for these data to be affected by the recent significant decline in the U.S.
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From page 171... ...
The proportion of chemical engineering contributions to these generalist journals is clearly low, and there is little evidence of growth in the past 15 years. �Absolute numbers of contributions from chemical engineers have grown, but at a rate in line with overall growth in contributions from all disciplines.� A very striking feature of the chemical engineering contributions is the dominant position of U.S.
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From page 172... ...
The percent contributions are quite healthy, given the extensive interdisciplinarity of these journals, and the quality of the chemical engineering contributions is usually high, set by a very competitive interdisciplinary group of researchers. Relative Strengths and Weaknesses.
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From page 173... ...
The European Union is very strong in all the subject matters of this subarea, and Asian researchers have focused primarily on applications. Research towards the development of model-predictive control systems, which monitor, diagnose, and adapt their performance, and parametric programming for process control are well on their way for industrial implementation, but still need support for their successful completion.
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From page 174... ...
For the Virtual World Congress 11 experts were consulted with 10, i.e., 91%, of them being from the United States. U.S.-based speakers represented 77% of nominations �137 out of a total of 179� when duplications were allowed.
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From page 175... ...
The number of experts for the Virtual World Congress in this subarea was seven, with five �71%� from the United States. Of the speakers, 63% nominations were for U.S.-based researchers.
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From page 176... ...
The corresponding number of research groups and graduating PhD students is very low as well. Research in the design and deployment of a modern "cyber infrastructure" is not taking place, threatening a deterioration in the productivity and competitiveness of new chemical processes �independently of the geographic location� and the creativity and effectiveness of the industrial research enterprise in health-care products �pharmaceuticals, diagnostic products�, fine chemicals, functional materials, biomass-based fuels, and new energy devices.
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From page 177... ...
position is "Among the Leaders," and in the future is expected to remain "Among World Leaders." 4.10 SUMMARy Based on the analysis of data regarding the composition of the Virtual World Congress, publications and citations, patents, recognition of individual researchers through prizes and awards, and prevailing trends, the Panel compiled an overall assessment for each subarea in terms of the following two indices: • Current Position of U.S. Research in Chemical Engineering • Expected Future Position of U.S.
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From page 178... ...
X Polymerization Reaction Eng. X Electrochemical Processes Engineering Science of Biological Processes X Biocatalysis and Protein Eng.
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From page 179... ...
7 BENCHMARKING RESULTS: BY AREA OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Materials Polymers X Inorganic and Ceramic Materials X Composites X Nanostructured Materials X Biomedical Products and Biomaterials Drug Targeting and Delivery X Biomaterials X Materials for Cell &Tissue Engineering X Energy Fossil Energy Extraction and Processing X Fossil Fuel Utilization X Non-Fossil Energy X Environmental Impact and Management X Air Pollution X Water Pollution X Aerosol Science and Technology X Green Engineering Process Systems Development and Engineering X Process Developmentand Design X Dynamics, Control, and Operational Optimization X Safety and Operability of Chemical Plants X Computational Tools and InformationTechnology
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From page 180... ...
chemical engineering. Conclusion 3: In the core areas of chemical engineering research, the level of output from Asian and European Union countries has increased significantly during the past 10 years, but the United States maintains a strong leadership position in terms of quality and impact.
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From page 181... ...
8 BENCHMARKING RESULTS: BY AREA OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Conclusion 7: Trends in research funding policies will continue to reduce chemical engineering's dynamic range, strengthening its molecular orientation in bio- and materials-related activities at the expense of research in macroscopic processes.
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