Soldier Protective Clothing and Equipment Feasibility of Chemical Testing Using a Fully Articulated Robotic Mannequin (2008) / Chapter Skim
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2 Design Challenge: Simulation of Human Physiology
2 Design Challenge: Simulation of Human Physiology
Pages 25-56
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From page 25... ...
and a realistic variability in skin temperature, perspiration rates, and respiration rates based on the amount of physical activity/exertion (objective level) defined in 3.3.4.1-3.3.4.3.
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From page 26... ...
. 3.3.13 The PETMAN system shall record the following system parameters over time: skin temperature, respiration rate, perspiration rate, and total mass (in nanograms)
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Thermal Manikin History: United States Military Use of Thermal Manikins in Protective Clothing Research. Measurement Technology Northwest, http://www.mtnw-usa.com/thermalsystems/history.html.
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Uncle Wiggly thermal mannequin in its own climate-controlled test chamber for measuring thermal and vapor resistance values of clothing ensembles. SOURCE: "Modernized manikin: Uncle Wiggly resumes thermal testing after major ‘organ' replacement." The Warrior, March-April 2004.
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From page 29... ...
These are loosely categorized into "nonintegrated" systems that use discrete simulations of physiologic functions and "integrated" systems that are driven by human-physiology models. Nonintegrated Systems These systems use discrete simulations of physiologic functions.
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. A Coppelius type of mannequin has been developed at the Center for Research on Textile 2-3 Protection and Comfort of North Carolina State University through technology exchange with the Finnish VTT group. TOM III and SAM: Toyobo Corporation of Japan has manufactured two types of thermal sweating mannequins, TOM III (1980s)
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"A Perspiring Fabric Thermal Manikin: Its Development and Use." Proceedings of the Fourth International Meeting on Thermal Manikins, EMPA Switzerland, Sept.
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The most unusual aspect of ADAM is its numeric physiologic model., As temperatures are manipulated in ADAM's environment, the resulting skin heat-transfer rates are reported to a physiologic computer that uses mannequin conditions to generate prescribed and appropriate skin temperatures, surface sweat rates, and breathing rates. A loop feedback provides ever-changing measurements for assessment of human thermal comfort in Advanced Thermal Manikin.
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McGuffin, "Development of an Advanced Thermal Manikin for Vehicle Climate Evaluation" Proceedings of the Fourth International Meeting on Thermal Manikins, EMPA Switzerland, Sept.
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. SOURCE: SAM Sweating Agile Thermal Manikin of EMPA, Switzerland.
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Other Temperature- and Perspiration-Related Systems Several mannequin systems with environmental characteristics and capabilities not covered by the PETMAN specifications are also available. The PyroMan Thermal Protective Clothing Analysis System is an adultsize flame-resistant mannequin system with 122 heat sensors distributed uniformly over the body (excluding hands and feet)
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From page 36... ...
Sublimator cooling, thermoelectric cooling, and cryogen-based heat-exchange systems are being actively investigated in combination with liquid cooling garments. Descriptions of several feasible technologies applicable to PETMAN have been provided by Grant Bue (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center)
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From page 37... ...
and gas-mask assemblies are commercially available. Us ing large pistons or cams, these devices generate substantial airflow and replicate human ventilation to assess mask utility (see Figure 2.7)
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Mannequin-based patient simulation is one such instrument, and it has applicability to PETMAN respiration requirements. Human Patient Simulator: Commercialized as a mannequin system with the ability to simulate human patients undergoing anesthesia, the Human Patient Simulator (HPS)
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. Design Challenges and How They May be Addressed The human-physiologic simulation aspects of the PETMAN mannequin functions will be restricted by the need to combine physiologic software and engineering requirements (power, space, supply, and exhaust)
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. The following -- electronic control, mechanical construction, and system integration -- are some of the key design challenges with respect to temperature and perspiration: Electronic control • ethod of linking temperature and perspiration with respiration, M metabolism, and motion: o ixed heating, sweating, and ventilation output rates (open F loop)
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From page 41... ...
PETMAN mannequin challenges will be related to physical restrictions on the layout, supply sources, and distribution of heating and cooling mechanisms; heating and cooling power limitations; heat and coolant exhaust requirements; interference from other heat sources in the mannequin distribution of heating or cooling to achieve targeted regional mannequin-skin temperatures; integration of control, space, and material requirements with the entire PETMAN system; and temperature regulation under extreme test-chamber conditions. If heating and cooling are required simultaneously in different mannequin parts, a "circulatory system" will probably be required to establish demand-regulated regional distribution of centrally controlled liquids (or gases)
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From page 42... ...
Current thermal sweating mannequins and human-physiologic simulation mannequins are capable of continuous recording of skin temperature, respiration rate, and perspiration rate in time in one second increments. Respiration and Ventilation Positive-pressure mechanical simulation of human respiration and ventilation with regulatory mechanisms is possible now with dedicated mannequin systems.
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From page 43... ...
bellows system to generate both negative pressure to draw air in and positive pressure to exhale. Their bellows mechanism works with a simple airway (basic but accurate facial features, oropha ryngeal and nasopharyngeal structures, dentition, tracheal and bronchial structures, and bag-reservoir lungs)
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. Current mannequins that simulate human physiology are capable of continuous recording of skin temperature, respiration rate, and perspiration rate in one second increments.
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From page 45... ...
and their corresponding physiologic characteristics. Setting respiratory rate, tidal volume, surface temperature, and sweating rate for a defined activity simplifies feedback to achieve target values.
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Although a breathingmannequin system at rest could potentially be made to thermoregulate and perspire appropriately in all its body segments, the technology to control mannequin heating and cooling dynamically to achieve the same homeostasis within the limits of operational testing is not now available. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Trade-offs The PETMAN requirements related to human physiology are analyzed in Table 2.1.
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Conclusion 2-3a: Mannequin respiration, skin temperature, and sweat ing should be controlled through either preset physiologic characteristics for defined IPE test activity states or a mannequin metabolism model designed to operate without physiologic linkage to sensor systems. Conclusion 2-3b: Integration and installation of the necessary sys tems to achieve all human-physiology simulation requirements into a PETMAN that meets all specified operational requirements will en counter substantial challenges with the use of technologies that are currently available or are expected to be available in the near future.
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From page 48... ...
No modification of IPE; potentially more realistic test challenge 3.3.3 Anthropometric Compatibility with protective requirements of 50th ensemble percentile male 3.3.4.1 Fixed skin-temperature Intended to be easier to simulation by body achieve than variable region (T) temperature based on region and activity
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DESIGN CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 49 Cost Impact/ Near-term Disadvantages Comments Availability Feasibilitya Requires Assume not just Would still 3 nonstandard a simple tether: require modification of IPE mechanical, power, integrating coolant interface subsystems but appears feasible in 1-2 years Power, thermal, -- -- 1 mechanical challenges; probably insurmountable in required timeframe Space limitations -- -- 1 leading to restrictions on every system Maintaining skin Not much easier Heating 3 at controlled than variable subsystems temperature, skin temperature; are available whether fixed challenge is in from several or model-based, system integration mannequin requires both manufacturers; heating and cooling cooling regulation methods could be adapted from spacesuit technology continued
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From page 50... ...
Intended to be easier or cheaper to achieve than variable perspiration rate Variability in perspiration Accurate simulation of rate based on level of moisture environment in IPE, physical activity or exertion capturing moisture effect on (O) agent behavior 3.3.4.3 Fixed respiration rate: (a)
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DESIGN CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 51 Cost Impact/ Near-term Disadvantages Comments Availability Feasibilitya Maintaining skin Not much more Heating 3 at controlled difficult than fixed subsystem temperature, skin temperature; are available whether fixed challenge is in from several or model-based, system integration mannequin requires both manufacturers; heating and cooling cooling regulation methods could be adapted from spacesuit technology Complex Not much Subsystems 3 liquid-delivery less difficult are available system available than variable from several from several perspiration rate; mannequin manufacturers challenge is in manufacturers system integration -- Not much more Subsystems 3 difficult than fixed are available perspiration rate; from several challenge is in mannequin system integration manufacturers Pneumatic or Current Potentially 3 actuated system mannequin applicable that simulates systems use subsystem also chest motion while positive pressure, available from driving respiratory unlike humans respiratoryflow mask testing companies continued
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From page 52... ...
Accuracy of simulation of chest motion only agent transport in IPE, that is, under-ensemble Variable respiration rate Additional small increase in based on level of physical accuracy of simulation of activity or exertion (O) agent transport in IPE and in IPE mask 3.3.11 Decontaminate with no Necessary to process multiple effect on next iteration tests of test (T)
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DESIGN CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 53 Cost Impact/ Near-term Disadvantages Comments Availability Feasibilitya Pneumatic or Positive or Potentially 2 actuated system negative pressure applicable that drives not specified in subsystem also respiratory flow requirements available from respiratory mask testing companies Pneumatic or May be Used by 1 actuated system insignificant some current that simulates chest compared with mannequins motion limb-motion effects Preprogrammed -- Potentially 1 control, variable- applicable speed motor subsystem also available from respiratory mask testing companies Will probably -- -- 1 require time, effort, resources between tests Agent residue may -- -- 1 complicate some sensor readings continued
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54 SOLDIER PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Table 2.1 Continued Requirement Requirement Number Description Technical Benefit 3.3.13 System measure recording Test-data logging for analysis Nonrequirement issues: Physiologic integration Necessary for all requirements System integration to be met simultaneously Accurate modeling of skin, -- anatomy to represent mask seals Packaging -- Cooling -- a3 = high feasibility, 2 = medium feasibility (achievable with substantial effort) , 1 = low feasibility (extremely difficult to achieve)
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From page 55... ...
DESIGN CHALLENGE: SIMULATION OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 55 Cost Impact/ Near-term Disadvantages Comments Availability Feasibilitya Additional -- Available 3 power, storage from several requirements mannequin manufacturers -- Significant design -- 1 and development risk -- combined robotic-physiologic mannequins are not available, nor is approach evident -- Not clear whether -- 2 mask sealing has high priority; could be addressed with separate test Physical Technical challenge -- 1 connections, such with no precedent as tubes and wires, in current state must fit within of art volume, thermal constraints -- Overall integration -- 1 of movement, physiology, thermal requirements is far greater challenge than separate elements
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