Maritime Security Partnerships (2008) / Chapter Skim
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2 Maritime Security: Cooperation Modes and Models
2 Maritime Security: Cooperation Modes and Models
Pages 30-51
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From page 30... ...
NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK The key to effective MSP is improved maritime domain awareness (MDA) among participating states, which -- along with agreements to take coordinated, mutually supportive tactical actions -- will enable them to address, individually or The Department of Homeland Security's 2005 National Plan to Achieve Maritime Domain Awareness (Washington, D.C., October, p.
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From page 31... ...
For MSP to succeed, states must either come to see the project as compatible with existing international legal frameworks and rules or, conversely, understand that MSP proponents are willing to seek the adjustment of applicable legal rules, if necessary, to accommodate MSP within the international legal structure. The cautious attitude of several key states to signing up for the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)
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From page 32... ...
Models for Maritime Security Partnerships The United States and most other countries participate in numerous information-sharing arrangements with varying degrees of trust and kinds of information. Traditional military missions, particularly during the Cold War, relied heavily on institutionalized modes of cooperation under formal treaties against a background of extensive operational activities and persistent arrangements.
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From page 33... ...
, provide a rich source of experience and information. Fundamentally new models are emerging as well, such as the robust new Gulf of Guinea Initiative under Naval Forces-Europe and the multinational work in Joint Task Force-150 operating in the Arabian Sea.
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From page 34... ...
THE RANGE OF PRESENT MSP RELATIONSHIPS Figure 2.1 shows the range of agreements in which the United States and key maritime states currently participate. Most maritime partnerships are, as in the past, bilateral agreements, although many are nested within multilateral treaty frameworks to which the states already subscribe (see Appendix C)
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From page 35... ...
NOTE: Interpol, International Criminal Police Organiza tion; RIMPAC/UNITAS, Rim of the Pacific/Annual U.S.–South American Allied Exercise; ASEAN, Association of Southeast Asian Nations; JTF, Joint Task Force; PSI, Prolifera tion Security Initiative; IMO-AIS/LRIT, International Maritime Organization–Automatic Figure 2-1, editable, b&w Identification System/Long-Range Identification and Tracking; RFMO, Regional Fisheries Management Organization; USNS, U.S. naval ship; JIATF, Joint Interagency Task Force.
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From page 36... ...
36 TABLE 2.1 Bilateral Relationships Law Enforcement, Commitment Defense, Level of to Length of Military or Humanitarian, Organization Consultation Cooperation Scope Nonmilitary Commercial USNS Comfort L S O G M H Container Security Initiative M A P G NM LE Pakistan earthquake relief L S O L M H Caribbean support tender L S S R M LE Lloyd's of London H A P G NM C Joint Interagency Task Force-South H A P R NM LE Maersk M S S G NM C Greek shipping lines H A P G NM C NOTE: H/M/L, high, medium, low; O/S/A, onetime, sometimes, always; O/S/P, onetime, specific, permanent; L/R/G, local, regional, global; M/NM, military, nonmilitary; LE/DEF/H/C, law enforcement, defense, humanitarian, commercial; USNS, U.S. Naval Ship (civilian manned)
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From page 37... ...
Examples of a range in duration and in formality of an organization are the multilateral agreements that set up Interpol, PSI, Joint Task Force (JTF) -150, and the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
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From page 38... ...
38 TABLE 2.2 Multilateral Relationships Law Enforcement, Commitment Defense, Level of to Length of Military or Humanitarian, Organization Consultation Cooperation Scope Nonmilitary Commercial Interpol H A P G NM LE RIMPAC/UNITAS H S S R M DEF Tsunami relief L O O R NM H Gulf Cooperation Council M S P R M DEF Gulf of Guinea Initiative M/H S S R M LE Heads of Pacific Coast Guards M S S R NM LE Proliferation Security Initiative M S P G NM LE ASEAN M S P R NM LE Joint Task Force-150 H A S R M DEF Drift net fisheries M S P R NM LE IMO-AIS/LRIT H A P G NM LE RFMO L S S R NM LE Italy (NATO) M A S R M LE English Channel H A P R NM LE Singapore/Malaysia/Indonesia H A P R M LE NOTE: H/M/L, high, medium, low; O/S/A, onetime, sometimes, always; O/S/P, onetime, specific, permanent; L/R/G, local, regional, global; M/NM, military, nonmilitary; LE/DEF/H/C, law enforcement/defense/humanitarian/commercial; RIMPAC/UNITAS, Rim of the Pacific/Annual U.S.-South American Allied Exercise; ASEAN, Association of Southeast Asian Nations; IMO, International Maritime Organization; AIS/LRIT, Automatic Identification System/Long-Range Identification and Tracking; RFMO, Regional Fisheries Management Organization; NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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From page 39... ...
While such norms may not be accepted by all states and hardly can be said to have been established by formal agreement, bilaterally or multilaterally, they raise expectations about what should be done, expectations on the part of ordinary people or the media, and critical public and private actors if not always governments. Figure 2.2 shows that it is possible for bilateral and multilateral agreements to be in place with various countries at a given time. The relationships shown in color represent multilateral agreements, while bilateral agreements are shown by the solid black lines between the countries.
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From page 40... ...
Local agreements in a small geographical area -- say, agreements about illegal fishing or piracy or the mutual right to arrest citizens of either country who break safety or environmental laws in the territorial waters of either state -- typically involve a law enforcement arrangement, usually within the maritime environments of two or three nation-states. Regional agreements involve neighboring states that come together to address a common problem.
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From page 41... ...
It now shares information with PACOM and has multilateral ties with eight other partner states under the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP, signed in 2006)
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From page 42... ...
Findings and Recommendations The Gulf of Guinea Initiative is probably the most interesting example of a combatant commander (COCOM) -driven program to broaden and thicken maritime security partnerships in the face of turbulent regional challenges (see Appendix D for specific details)
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From page 43... ...
, which feeds into the Port Operations Control Center. The Regional Maritime Information Exchange (ReMIX)
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From page 44... ...
In many cases, the base on which to build will be military-to-military relationships that can be expanded to include other groups -- military and civilian, government and nongovernment -- that are important to the maritime security task. Recommendation 1: The Chief of Naval Operations, working with the combatant commanders, the Commandant of the Coast Guard, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps should commit to transforming bilateral relationships into broader, more substantiative and inclusive maritime security partnerships by some or all of the following means: • Forward presence; • Increased language and cultural awareness; • Expeditionary training teams; • Ongoing analysis of gaps in capacity with plans for follow-up capacitybuilding steps; • Tools and resources appropriate for the particular geography of an area -- for example, shallow draft vessels such as the HSV-2 Swift rather than larger and deeper draft combat vessels; • Maritime domain awareness -- information-sharing systems that will eventually be expandable to include both unclassified and classified information; and • Funding for Phase Zero. Two quite different examples show the way in which national legislation can be put to use: • The Singapore example.
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From page 45... ...
Finding: With each of the participants of the existing maritime security partnerships, there appear to be sufficient national and international legal frameworks to support the maintenance and the extension of maritime security initiatives. Exercises and exchanges are fundamental vehicles of trust building that lead to nation-to-nation cooperation.
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From page 46... ...
Specific intensive course material and tactical gaming experience will have to become part of the curricula at all the Navy's professional schools -- the Naval Academy, the Naval Postgraduate School, and the Naval War College, paralleled by similar actions at the USCG and Marine Corps professional schools. Emphasis should be placed on the opportunities and instruments that exist to develop and implement these partnerships and on the interagency opportunities and competencies.
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From page 47... ...
Recommendation 2: To educate and train U.S. and partner nation personnel so that they can support and extend maritime security partnerships, the Chief of Naval Operations should: • With the active support of the leaders of the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard, ask the combatant commanders to support and extend maritime security partnerships through continued and even expanded formal educational and bilateral/multilateral training exercises for these personnel; • Require that maritime security training become a significant part of the core curriculum at every level of professional education for maritime service; • Adopt as a critical long-term goal the broadening of participation in maritime professional education to ensure representation from all of the relevant U.S.
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From page 48... ...
In addition, the Commandant of the Coast Guard should establish an FAO program and the Commandant of the Marine Corps should expand its present limited FAO program for the development of bilateral and multilateral relationships. The law enforcement authority and legal skills that would be needed to carry out countersmuggling and counterterrorist activities in coastal waters do not usually exist aboard naval vessels.
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From page 49... ...
Recommendation 4: The Chief of Naval Operations should ask the Coast Guard, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, or another law enforcement entity to provide legal personnel for selected U.S. Navy ships.
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From page 50... ...
Recommendation 5: The Chief of Naval Operations should ask the Commandant of the Coast Guard to forward-deploy Coast Guard cutters to locations that offer opportunities for the joint enforcement of maritime security. These cutters would help to attain Navy and combatant commander engagement goals and would be the correct security assets to employ to meet theater cooperation goals.
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From page 51... ...
MARITIME SECURITY: COOPERATION MODES AND MODELS 51 support of MSP initiatives or for activities at the International Maritime Organization and other relevant international organizations and multilateral frameworks to maintain and expand information-sharing programs and protocols; • Propose to the appropriate parts of DOD the setting aside of a portion of research, development, test, and evaluation funds over the next 5 years to be committed under the Office of Manpower and Personnel guidance to the specific goal of improving technologies and techniques for easy, reliable information sharing and the continuous availability of common maritime operational pictures on as broad a basis as possible. These would subsume but go beyond the already programmed funding for MDA only that is now appropriated to the Office of Naval Research (see Chapter 3)
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