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From page 103... ... . Abbreviations: ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NRC, National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; REL, recommended exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average. Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... Navy Values, ppm Exposure Level Committee Recommended Values, ppm Current Proposed EEGL 1-h 2,000 2,000 2,000 24-h 1,000 1,000 1,000 CEGL 90-day 100 100 125 Abbreviations: CEGL, continuous exposure guidance levels; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level. EEGL and CEGL values for Freon 114 should prevent significant CNS depression; changes in cardiac rhythm, including cardiac arrhythmia; and pulmonary changes, including bronchospasm and reduction in pulmonary compliance. Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... 24-Hour EEGL Two studies with 24-h exposure durations have been published. Guinea pigs exposed to Freon 114 at about 400,000 ppm for 24 h of were reported to show incoordination (Scholz 1961, as cited in WHO 1990) Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... In studies of dogs and guinea pigs exposed to Freon 114 at 141,000 ppm 8 h/day for 21 days, acute CNS signs were initially seen in dogs, but tolerance developed, and fatty livers were observed in guinea pigs (Yant et al. 1932, as cited in WHO 1990) Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... Presentation at the First Meeting on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, January 23, 2003, Washington, DC. Holdren, M.W., J.C. Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration [online.] Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... 1989. Prepublication Copy 109 Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... Thus, the hydrogen found onboard a submarine can reflect the low ambient concentrations found in the air, biologic sources, and its release from marine batteries as a byproduct. Several measurements of hydrogen on submarines have been reported. Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS A health-based exposure standard would consider hydrogen-induced asphyxiation to be the critical effect. As noted earlier, clinical signs associated with hydrogen-induced hypoxia would occur if the oxygen concentration were reduced to below the 1-h EEGL (105 mm Hg) Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... Presentation at the First meeting on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, January 23, 2003, Washington, D.C. Hopfer, U Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... 2007. Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, Vol. Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... Chemical and physical properties, toxicokinetic and mechanistic data, and inhalation exposure levels from other agencies are also presented. The committee considered all that information in its evaluation of the Navy's proposed 1-h, 24-h, and 90-day exposure guidance levels for oil mist. Read the entire page →
From page 115... ... Source: Data from Chevron 2001. OCCURRENCE AND USE Mineral oil of inhalable particle size is called oil mist. Read the entire page →
From page 116... ... , ventilatory impairment, bronchial reactivity Group D: CO + MO There was no difference in prevalence of respiratory symptoms among Group C: control, groups; however, Groups S and D combined had significantly higher unexposed assembly prevalence of cough or phlegm than Groups C and E; prevalence of cough workers and phlegm increased in straight-oil-exposed groups when adjusted for duration of exposure and smoking; interaction between ventilatory impairment and smoking was observed in straight-oil-exposed groups; bronchial reactivity was not affected by exposure to mineral oil; the committee found that no significant adverse effects were noted in Group S alone, and there was apparent interaction between cutting oil and smoking Cutting oil mist, not Heavy, moderate, minimal >5 years, workers in 2,485 male subjects who worked as machinists Decoufle defined oil-mist-exposed Mortality from various cancers evaluated 1978 jobs 1938-1967 No effect on incidence of respiratory cancer relative to expected; increase in cancer of large intestine and stomach was observed Metalworking fluid Cross-sectional survey: 2 years Subjects from automobile industry (UAW-General Motors) Read the entire page →
From page 117... ... >0-0.1 mg/m3; >0.1-0.5 (95% CI, 1.25-3.980) ; exposure, 0.5 mg/m3; separate analysis of plants mg/m3; >0.5 mg/m3 demonstrated increase in OR for metalworking fluid exposure in Plant I Prepublication Copy Note: Exposures are only estimates; results are Committee notes that confounding factors, such as sulfur content, also expressed as mg/m3-years = showed association with increased OR; association with sulfur may be quantitative estimate of past associated in increased PAH content; authors did not attribute finding to metalworking fluid exposure smoking or alcohol intake, because there was no increase in lung cancer or cirrhosis Mineral oil mist Mortality-study exposure ≥5 years Subjects worked in machine shops (Kodak) Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... as measure of cross-shift lungSynthetic fluids Low: <0.20 mg/m3 function changes) Medium: 0.20-0.55 mg/m3 Machine operators exposed to aerosols of coolants and mineral oils had High: > 0.55 mg/m3 significant drop in cross-shift FEV1 response relative to assembly workers; End points measured response was associated with inhalable aerosol >0.20 mg/m3; there was no Monday and Friday, before difference from Monday to Friday in FEV1 response and after shift of workweek to demonstrate acute pulmonary response Particle size distribution was similar across oil types Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... mineral oils and kerosene 2,000-4,000 mg/m3 exposure 1986 Effects evaluated included pulmonary fibrosis with radiography, FEV1, Medium to heavy FVC; respiratory function was evaluated with questionnaire; McNemar's naphthenic, acid-treated, test for statistical analysis hydrotreated Fibrosis was observed in seven of 25 exposed workers and one of 25 Medium to heavy controls; prevalence of respiratory symptoms did not differ paraffin, solvent-refined, Committee notes that composition of mineral oil is unclear, because it is severely hydrotreated defined as kerosene and may contain aromatic hydrocarbons Mists and vapors of Mineral oil vapor: 50-100 At least 3 years; Subjects included 37 cable plant workers and 25 controls (radiographic Skyberg et al. mineral oils and kerosene mg/m3 1963-1983 (followed analysis) Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... 20 min; 20-70 Effects evaluated included respiratory function departures/day; 2 Borderline statistical significance (0.08) for emphysema based on ILO; weeks onboard FEV% was significantly decreased in marine engineers; reduced FEV% in followed by 2 weeks absence of decreased FEV1 can be interpreted as sign of emphysema off Authors interpreted findings as possibly indicating that mist oil can impair respiratory function and increase abnormal findings in lungs; however, they concluded that findings were weak and further investigation was warranted a Elemental sulfur is added to metalworking fluid to retard oil breakdown and improve lubricating properties under extreme temperature and pressure conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... 10 fluids, one of trigeminal nerve ending in nasal mucosa resulting in lengthening of RD50 values obtained Prepublication Copy which was unused from concentration- expiratory phase of each breath, and pulmonary irritation, defined as (new, neat) straight response stimulation of vagal nerve endings resulting in pause between breaths oil (100% sulfonized relationships; for With exposure to straight oils (samples F and F') Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... retained 2 weeks after completion of exposure. Also tested 3 Data excluded from assessment; chemical and physical data on mineral oil synthetic crude oils: tested are different from 2190 TEP; materials tested are not representative C15-C20 of lubricating oils but are more representative of kerosenes alkylbenzenes and polybutene; these groups are not discussed in this review Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... 64742-54-7 and CEO: 50, 150, 400 GCO: alveolar macrophages with addition of minor hyperplasia of 10 male rats CAS no. 64742-57- mg/m3 alveolar epithelial cells at 50 mg/m3 increasing in number and severity Prepublication Copy for 0 (combined 97%) Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... recovery at 1, 2, 6, mineral oils Prepublication Copy 10 months; 12-24 months without recovery Gerbils: 12 months with recovery at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 months. Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... (1997) , workers exposed to mineral oil at 0.24 mg/m3 for at least 1 month, with respiratory effects being measured on a single day, provided some evidence of acute and chronic pulmonary respiratory symptoms. Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... However, a combined analysis of workers exposed to straight cutting oil or a mixture of straight cutting oil and soluble cutting oil did exhibit an increased prevalence in cough or phlegm. Respiratory function and pulmonary function were also impaired in straight-cuttingoil-exposed workers who smoked. Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... evaluated the chronic toxicity of a complex mineral oil containing adjuvants and acetone in dogs, rats, mice, and gerbils. The primary objective was to determine whether the toxicity profile observed with pure mineral oil mist (Wagner et al. Read the entire page →

From page 103...

... . Abbreviations: ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; CEGL, continuous exposure guidance level; EEGL, emergency exposure guidance level; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NRC, National Research Council; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PEL, permissible exposure limit; REL, recommended exposure limit; TLV, Threshold Limit Value; TWA, time-weighted average.