Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants Volume 2 (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 157-183
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From page 157... ...
The committee could not recommend surface-lead exposure guidance levels, but it did endorse the monitoring of submariner blood lead concentrations to determine whether surface lead contamination onboard submarines is resulting in appreciable exposure of crews. Blood lead concentrations in the context of occupational lead exposures are therefore discussed.
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From page 158... ...
In the blood, about 95% of the lead is associated with the red blood cells (RBCs) , so measurement of blood lead concentrations is preferred to measurement in serum or plasma.
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was significantly higher than that of 52 workers without lead exposure (blood lead concentrations, under 20 µg/dL)
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It is difficult to relate current blood lead concentrations to reduced kidney function because they do not necessarily correlate with past lead exposures. Duration of lead exposure is an important determinant of potential renal toxicity (Lilis et al.
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Genotoxicity Lead-exposed workers with blood lead concentrations of 28.2 to 65.5 µg/dL had an increased incidence of micronuclei in peripheral lymphocyte and clastogenic and aneugenic effects in peripheral lymphocytes (Palus et al.
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Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic lead model applied to a 20-year-old man employed 40 h/week with occupational lead exposure for 10 years and accounting for dietary and drinking-water lead exposure, O'Flaherty (1993) found that blood lead tripled over that period.
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From page 163... ...
The committee endorses monitoring of submariner blood lead concentrations to determine whether surface lead contamination onboard submarines is resulting in appreciable crew exposure. Occupational-lead risk characterizations are based predominantly on monitoring of blood lead concentrations in workers.
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From page 164... ...
It is important to establish whether submariner blood lead concentrations differ from those of civilian adults and active military personnel not engaged in submarine operations who live in the United States. One potential avenue that the committee highly recommends and that could assist in the definition of submarine-associated lead exposure is determination of crew urinary lead or blood lead concentrations before submarine deployment followed by identical measurements on completion of typical tours of duty.
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1983. A study of the relationship between blood lead levels and occupational air lead levels.
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1982. Dependence of apparent blood lead half-life on the length of previous lead exposure in humans.
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1988. The relationship of blood lead to systolic blood pressure in a longitudinal study of policemen.
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From page 168... ...
The committee's recommendations for toluene exposure guidance levels are provided at the conclusion of this chapter with a discussion of the adequacy of the data for defining the levels and the research needed to fill the remaining data gaps. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Toluene is a flammable liquid at room temperature with a benzene-like odor (Budavari et al.
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From page 169... ...
reported that toluene concentrations in suburban and urban air range from 1.3 to 6.6 ppb. Indoor air concentrations are often higher than outdoor air concentrations.
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. More recent clinical and epidemiologic studies that involve a variety of toluene exposures are considered more relevant to guideline development.
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toluene exposures to induce sleepiness in a two-period crossover design (50-ppm toluene alternating with air only) exposure-chamber
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From page 172... ...
hands and blood toluene concentrations at end of 4 h 50a 3h 10 men, 20 women, 19-45 years old Luderer et al. No subjective symptoms; no abnormal episodic LH secretion profile in females or males; 1999 "subtle effects" on LH secretion in males and females in luteal phase (clinical significance unclear)
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From page 173... ...
100 (TWA; varied (3 15-min exercise Sensory irritation of nose and lower airways, but not eyes, in toluene-exposed groups; slight 1990 with 15-min peaks to periods with load of decrease on 1 of 4 psychomotor performance tests; no differences in symptoms or 300 ppm every 30 50-100 W; both performances between groups exposed to constant and varied toluene concentrations min) exposures)
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From page 174... ...
; reaction time; at 500 ppm, increase in complex reaction time; at 700 ppm, decrease in 1972 700a total 85 min perceptual speed at end of exposure; no effect on heart rate during total exposure; 1 of 12 subjects able to distinguish between control and toluene exposures 200, 400, 600, 800 7-8 h 2 subjects Carpenter et al. Transitory mild throat and eye irritation and slight exhilaration at 200 ppm; metallic taste, 1944 transitory headache, lassitude, inebriation, and slight nausea at 800 ppm; threshold for "steadiness" task, 800 ppm 220b 15 min 6 subjects Carpenter et al.
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toluene exposures at 100-1,100 ppm (most were at 500 ppm) in a workplace survey of 106 painters employed from 2 weeks to 5 years in an aircraft factory.
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From page 176... ...
at time of German rotogravure-factory workers Neubert et al. $20 years study; 6 h/shift No alteration from referent group on standard tests of psychophysiologic and 2001a,b psychomotor functions; all scores of toluene-exposed group within referent range Prepublication Copy
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From page 177... ...
, psychomotor function (manual dexterity) 9±7 work lifetime (average 39 healthy adult workers in German rotary printing plants; average subject age, 45.6 Seeber et al.
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(1993) conducted a factory survey in China, using personal sampling for workplace toluene exposure, questionnaires on subjective symptoms, and clinical evaluation of hematology, serum biochemistry, and urinary hippuric acid concentration.
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. Furthermore, "evidence for neurobehavioral effects due to long-term toluene exposure below 50 ppm was not established" (Seeber et al.
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. Occupational studies suggest that chronic toluene exposure may be associated with hearing loss (reviewed in ATSDR 2000; Morata et al.
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From page 181... ...
2003 2,500 1h No effect on motor activity during exposure Hinman 1987 5,000 1h Increased locomotor activity 10,000 1h Increased activity followed by slight decrease 15,000 1h Increased activity followed by cessation a Unconditioned reflex tests evaluated locomotor activity, coordination, corneal reflex, and righting reflex; EC50 determined for test failure (Mullin and Krivanek 1982)
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From page 182... ...
Responses at 500 and 1,000 ppm were nonsignificantly lower than control responses. Cognitive function was impaired at 2,000 ppm as indicated by an increase in response time and a decrease in matching accuracy.
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evaluated the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of inhaled toluene in male and female F344 rats exposed at 0, 30, 100, or 300 ppm 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 years. Groups of 120 animals of each sex were exposed with interim sacrifices at 6, 12, and 18 months.
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