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Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations Initial Report (2008) / Chapter Skim
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5 Pharmacokinetics and Mathematical Modeling for Assessing Toxicity of Mixtures of Chemicals
Pages 13-15

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From page 13...
... This is normally the case if the two chemicals cause their respective toxicities following entirely unrelated modes of action, the physiological, biochemical, or other series of processes that cumulatively cause toxic responses. When the modes of action share common elements, potential for non-independence in the combined dose response curve exists.
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From page 14...
... The use of running averages for HCN exposure assessment copes with this difficulty by ensuring that a short peak exposure is not missed, i.e., selection of start and stop times for averaging are essentially moot since every configuration is calculated. The use of the internal measure of dose, via the CFK equation's calculation of % COHb likewise copes with the highly intermittent exposure by calculating an integrated measure of dose through the biomarker, wherein the biological process serves as the means of integration.
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From page 15...
... In practice if a chemical is 5% or less of occupational exposure limit as a maximum exposure, the chemical may be considered as minor contributor to the toxicity of a mixture of chemicals. In the current assessment, it is not clear that HCN exposure is low enough to warrant the elimination of monitoring activities, and as long as HCN is monitored, it should be included in the HQ calculation.
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Key Terms

  • combined response
  • chemical mixture
  • additive responses
  • internal measure
  • simple addition

  • additive response
  • solvent mixtures
  • blood partition
  • exposure assessment
  • response occurs

  • common elements
  • individual chemicals
  • hcn exposure
  • response curves
  • combined exposures

  • armored vehicles
  • toxic responses
  • running averages
  • slower time
  • various running

  • response expected
  • armored vehicle
  • concentration changes
  • typical firing
  • short peak

  • chemicals found
  • following entirely
  • exert additive
  • toxicity studies
  • individual responses


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