Ensuring the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft Elements of a Strategy to Recover Measurement Capabilities Lost in Program Restructuring (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Reprinted Workshop Report
Appendix B: Reprinted Workshop Report
Pages 82-166
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B Reprinted Workshop Report Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report (National Research Council, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2008) , which summarizes the National Research Council workshop "Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft" held in June 2007 in Washington, D.C., is reprinted here in its entirety.
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REPRINTED WORKSHOP REPORT 83 Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft A Workshop Report Panel on Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
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and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-11276-5 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-11276-1 Copies of this report are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, N.W.
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REPRINTED WORKSHOP REPORT 85 The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
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Decadal Science Strategy Surveys: Report of a Workshop (2007) Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (2007)
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MARSHALL, Program Officer, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate THERESA M FISHER, Program Associate, Space Studies Board CATHERINE A
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FELLOWS, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research FIONA A HARRISON, California Institute of Technology TAMARA E
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Earth science decadal survey committee delivered to agency sponsors a prepublication version of its final report, Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond. However, prior to the delivery of that report, NASA and NOAA requested that additional items be added to the committee's statement of task. The new tasks focused on recovery of measurement capabilities, especially those related to climate research, that were lost as a result of changes in plans for the next generation of polar and geostationary environmental monitoring satellites, NPOESS and GOES-R (see Appendix A)
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and related climate data records, and in terms of the sensors themselves. Participants then reviewed the options discussed in a NOAA-NASA report to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
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was only a necessary first step toward enabling the creation of time series of measurements of sufficient length, consistency, and continuity to determine climate variability and change -- that is, to generate climate data records. 12 In closing, the panel notes with deep regret the sudden death of Anthony Hollingsworth, from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, on July 29, 2007.
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92 REPRINTED WORKSHOP REPORT Acknowledgment of Reviewers This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.
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REPRINTED WORKSHOP REPORT 93 Contents SUMMARY 1, 95 1 IMPLICATIONS OF THE NPOESS NUNN-McCURDY CERTIFICATION 4, 98 AND THE DESCOPING OF GOES-R HES Cancellation and GOES-R, 5, 99 The NASA-NOAA Study, 8, 102 2 SUMMARY OF THE WORKSHOP SESSIONS 9, 103 Workshop Summary -- Day 1, 9, 103 Consideration of NPOESS and GOES-R, Priority Measurements for ECVs -- Breakout Sessions, 10, 104 Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Atmosphere, 10, 104 Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Oceans, 13, 107 Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Land, 16, 110 Workshop Summary -- Day 2, 18, 112 Breakout Sessions, 18, 112 Radiation Sensor Measurements, 18, 112 Visible and Infrared Imager and Sounder Measurements, 23, 117 Microwave Sensor Measurements, 27, 121 Geostationary Hyperspectral Measurements, 34, 129 Workshop Summary -- Day 3, 37, 131 Plenary Session on International Considerations, 37, 131 Breakout Sessions, 38, 133 Panel to Assess NASA-NOAA Mitigation Options, 39, 133 Panel on Issues Related to CDR Development, 39, 136 3 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES 43, 137 Synergy Versus Competition with Decadal Survey, 43, 137 Continuity of Long-Term Records Versus New Measurements, 43, 137 Measurement Teams, 44, 138
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94 REPRINTED WORKSHOP REPORT Calibration and Characterization (Pre-, In-, Post-flight) , 44, 138 Formation Flying, 44, 138 Stability Requirements Particular to Climate Studies, 44, 138 Integration on NPOESS Versus Free Flyers: Large Versus Small Programs, 44, 138 Structural Issues Associated with Procurement of Sensors That Support Climate Science, 45, 139 Lack of an Enterprise View, 45, 139 Proprietary Nature of Industry Contracts, 46, 140 Minimal Insight into Algorithm Development, 46, 140 APPENDIXES A Statement of Task 47, 141 B Workshop Agenda 48, 142 C Mitigation Approaches Presented by NASA and NOAA at the Workshop 53, 147 D Abbreviations and Acronyms 65, 159 E Biographical Sketches of Panel Members 70, 164 Note that in the reprinted report's table of contents, the page numbers added in italic reflect the pagination that applies for inclusion in the current report, rather than the pages numbers of the original report.
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"Secondary" sensors that would provide crucial continuity to some long-term climate records, as well as other sensors that would have provided new measurement capabilities, are not funded in the new NPOESS program. Costs for NOAA's next generation of geostationary weather satellites, GOES-R, have also risen dramatically, and late last year NOAA canceled plans to incorporate a key instrument on the spacecraft -- HES (Hyperspectral Environmental Suite)
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Many participants noted that the demanifesting of climate s ensors from NPOESS has placed many long-term climate records at risk, including multidecadal records of total solar irradiance, Earth radiation budget, sea surface temperature, and sea ice extent. Some of these most fundamental data records require observational overlap to retain their value and require immediate attention to ensure their continuation.
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Thus, participants were unable to fully analyze mitigation options. In addition, several participants warned about the consequences of not having an all-weather sea surface temperature retrieval capability, emphasizing the importance of retaining a lowf requency 6.9 GHz channel as the instrument is reconsidered.
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Polar satellites also provide data used to monitor environmental phenomena, such as ozone depletion and drought conditions, as well as data sets that are used by researchers for a variety of studies such as climate monitoring. The history of the NPOESS program and events leading to its restructuring as part of the June 2006 NunnMcCurdy certification can be found in a recent report by the Government Accountability Office.
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Box 1.1 summarizes the effects of the Nunn-McCurdy action on previous objectives related to climate research. HES CANCELLATION AND GOES-R With the final two GOES satellites in the current GOES-N series completed, NOAA is now in the early stages of the acquisition process for the next generation of GOES satellites, called GOES-R.
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Instruments removed from the core NPOESS program plan can be integrated and flown if outside funding will support the remaining development costs, as well as the cost of the instrument and its support. The canceled Conical Microwave Imager and Sounder sensor will be replaced by a sensor now called the Microwave Imager and Sounder (MIS)
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, OMPS-Limb (ozone) , ERBS (radiation budget)
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See W.L. Smith et al., "The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS)
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. Participants were also encouraged to suggest mitigation approaches where NPOESS current plans fall short of climate community needs, and to assess whether any of the missions recommended in the Earth science decadal survey might enable recovery of the NPOESS climate The GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS-107)
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Consideration of NPOESS and GOES-R Priority Measurements for ECVs -- Breakout Sessions Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Atmosphere The atmosphere ECV breakout group was asked to consider 10 ECVs related to observations of the atmosphere: Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance) ; aerosol properties; ozone; carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases; cloud properties; precipitation; water vapor; surface wind speed and direction; upperair wind; and upper-air temperature.
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The cloud properties ECV can be significantly advanced via the ACE mission recommended by the Earth science decadal survey, which would investigate aerosol-cloud interactions. Precipitation The water cycle plays a critical role in climate change.
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Surface Wind Speed and Direction Measurements of surface wind speed and direction are needed for both climate and operational purposes. For climate, vector winds are required to compute wind stress curl, an essential climate quantity that drives Ekman pumping and suction in the ocean, thereby implying vertical circulations (i.e., upwelling and downwelling)
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The breakout group also discussed air quality observation needs, though noted that air quality is not currently a GCOS ECV. Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Oceans The oceans ECV breakout group was tasked to consider six ECVs related to ocean observations: sea level, SST, ocean color, salinity, sea state, and sea ice.
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. International plans for OceanSat-2, Sentinel-3, and GCOM-C/SGLI are also of interest, as is the ACE mission recommended by the decadal survey.
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The QuikSCAT mission has provided an 8-year record to date and has exceeded its design lifetime. Follow-on options discussed included relying on ASCAT on MetOp, duplicating QuikSCAT, and flying XOVWM (as recommended by the Earth science decadal survey)
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An XOVWM+SST system in low-inclination orbit would enhance studies of tropical weather and climate. Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Land The land ECV breakout group was asked to consider 10 ECVs related to surface observations: glaciers and ice caps/sheets, snow cover, soil moisture, fire disturbance, lakes, biomass, land cover, surface albedo, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR)
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Recommended by the Earth science decadal survey, SMAP, an active and passive L-band mission to directly measure soil moisture, would provide direct global soil moisture measurements with greater penetration depth. Fire Disturbance The fire disturbance record has climate science implications in terms of understanding biogeochemical cycling, disturbance, and disasters.
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Termination of the solar irradiance, energy budget, and ozone profile time series will leave unan 11The decadal survey missions represent a set of community consensus priorities spanning Earth science including, but not limited to, climate science. Participants were asked to consider whether missions in the decadal survey mission set might enable recovery of NPOESS climate measurements to determine whether there are opportunities for synergism between NPOESS climate measurement recovery strategies and implementation of the community consensus decadal survey plan.
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Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance The TSIS instrument that would have flown on NPOESS comprises the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) and Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM)
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Earth Radiation Budget Earth's radiation budget parameters have, like solar irradiance, been measured since 1978 via instruments onboard seven different spacecraft. Each CERES instrument contains three scanning thermistor bolometer r adiometers to monitor the longwave and visible components of Earth's radiative energy budget.
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Other Mitigation Options. Participants also discussed other options for securing the TSIS data record, including acceleration of the decadal survey recommendation for CLARREO, flying a series of dedicated spacecraft,
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Other Mitigation Options. Flying ERBS on the decadal survey's recommended CLARREO mission was considered; however, the orbits were found to be incompatible, as the CLARREO mission concept (as it is currently defined)
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Participants also discussed the relevance of the GACM mission recommended by the Earth science decadal survey. Although it was noted that GACM would provide higher resolution than OMPS, its anticipated launch date is too far in the future for GACM to be relied on as a mitigation option.
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VIIRS offers most MODIS and SeaWiFS capabilities except near-IR and microwave/IR water vapor bands, IR sounding bands, and near-IR fluorescence radiometry not required to meet the prescribed VIIRS EDRs. VIIRS will also dramatically improve on MODIS and SeaWiFS spatial resolution (via a patented OLS-like 17 detector aggregation technique)
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Two of the mitigation options discussed below were identified by some participants as involving small to moderate changes to existing instruments that might be accomplished with minimal additional investment and could yield high returns to the climate science community. Specifically: • The VIIRS fire product (the VIIRS active fire EDR)
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Instantaneous field of view cloud screening of APS at 6 km is accomplished using VIIRS/MODIS. Summarizing the APS and MODIS/VIIRS synergy, Cairns remarked, "APS with MODIS/VIIRS tells you a lot, but alone APS tells you nothing." Mitigation options considered by the participants are summarized below.
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While scatterometry was not considered as part of the NPOESS baseline, some participants felt that the pressing need for continuation of operational active ocean vector wind measurements warranted further discussion, particularly in light of the CMIS descope. Further, some participants asserted that passive microwave vector wind measurements did not constitute a climate data product, whereas the value for climate studies of scatterometry-derived wind measurements has been demonstrated.
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The certified NPOESS program does not include an altimeter. CMIS/MIS/Radiometry CMIS represented the state of the art in satellite microwave radiometers and was intended to continue, with a higher degree of accuracy and resolution, the time series of many fundamental climate variables, including SST and wind, sea ice and snow coverage, soil moisture, and atmospheric moisture (vapor, clouds, and rain)
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These all play a central role in regulating global climate. An 8-year CDR of ocean surface vector winds has been established by QuikSCAT (1999-present)
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containing extreme hurricane-force wind conditions. In the original configuration of NPOESS, the ocean surface vector wind data record established by QuikSCAT was to be replaced by passive microwave measurements of wind speed and direction by the polarimetric CMIS radiometer.
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As noted earlier, many participants were less concerned about the potential loss of ocean vector winds measurements from CMIS, because this CMIS data product was considered inadequate even prior to the descoping; ocean vector wind measurement is addressed further in the section "Scatterometry" below. Two presentations were given on the importance of microwave SST retrievals to climate studies.
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The microwave imagers SSM/I and SSMIS on these DMSP satellites have provided the research community with extremely important CDRs, including sea ice coverage, water vapor, wind speed, rainfall, and cloud water. A break in any of these time series due to a delay or aborted launch of MIS would be devastating to climate monitoring.
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In the certified NPOESS program, CMIS has been descoped to MIS, which has not yet been defined in detail. Participants frequently commented that CMIS was adopted with no input from the scientific user community and with limited evidence of the capabilities of passive microwave for estimation of ocean surface vector winds.
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From page 128... ...
. QuikSCAT measurements are also limited to a spatial resolution of 12.5 km and are not routinely made closer than about 30 km from land.26 Many in the microwave breakout group argued that high priority should be given to a sustained, more capable, next-generation scatterometer program that can meet these requirements while at the same time continuing the ocean surface vector winds CDR established by QuikSCAT.
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XOVWM is a mission recommended in the decadal survey; several workshop participants argued that the proposed schedule for launch of this mission -- 2013-2016 -- be accelerated. Finally, while discussing this mitigation scenario, some participants indicated the desirability of an enhanced XOVWM+SST mission, a point that was also made during day 1 discussions.
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It was suggested that previous ground system cost estimates were driven up by the inclusion of the coastal waters imager and that a recent proposal by NESDIS/STAR, 31 considering only the advanced sounder in a demonstration mode, reduced the cost estimates significantly from the original estimates. In addition, the presenter noted the similarities between the AoA and Earth science decadal survey recommendations, which endorse the need for (at reasonable cost and risk)
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WMO workshop participants included high-level representatives of operational and research and development space agencies, the Committee on Earth Observations Satellites (CEOS) , Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
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The WMO presentation noted that taken as a whole, there has not been a concerted strategy for sustained climate observations from space. Instead, the climate community has relied on suboptimal sensors to create a climate record, resulting in significant challenges in terms of handling bias differences, orbit drift, data gaps, and spectral differences between follow-on instruments when reprocessing multiple-satellite data -- often at considerable cost.
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had asked NOAA and NASA to provide this analysis of possible options for mitigation of the climate research impacts of the NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy certification through 2026, along with an assessment of the potential costs of these options, with the primary goal of ensuring the continuity of long-term climate records. The primary goal of the NASA-NOAA white paper was to identify means for ensuring the continuity of long-term climate records.
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Although NPP- and NPOESS-derived EDRs may have considerable scientific value, climate data records (CDRs) a are far more than a time series of EDRs.
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2.1.1 NPOESS and a See National Research Council (NRC) , Ensuring the Climate Record from the NPP and NPOESS Meteorological S atellites, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000, and NRC, Climate Data Records from Environmental Satellites: Interim Report, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2004.
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NASA noted that the white paper does not consider mitigation options for VIIRS, CrIS/ATMS, CMIS/MIS, and SESS. Some workshop participants commented that the lack of attention to the other instruments should not be construed as a de facto lower prioritization of their suitability as options for mitigation of lost capabilities.
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However, it is important to note that the decadal survey covers all of Earth science, including, but not limited to, climate science. Discussions at the workshop focused on climate science; however, the ultimate implementation of NPOESS/GOES-R climate observation mitigation will occur in parallel with NASA's intent to implement a balanced Earth science program.
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One suggestion was for implementation of a peerreview process that would periodically review the list of essential variables to consider the science justification for continuation of each sustained record, keeping the list to the minimal measurement set practical. MEASUREMENT TEAMS The need for sustained attention to the establishment and maintenance of climate data records (CDRs)
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Some participants also noted that regardless of their desirability, NOAA has no history of utilizing free flyers as operational space platforms. STRUCTURAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCUREMENT OF SENSORS THAT SUPPORT CLIMATE SCIENCE Lack of an Enterprise View Progress in climate research depends on continuous, multidecadal time series measurements for a stable underpinning as well as new measurements to advance process understanding.
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Some participants mentioned the Earth science decadal survey recommendation, directed to the Office of Science and Technology Policy, which calls for a national plan to provide for sustained Earth observations. Proprietary Nature of Industry Contracts The competitive process, properly executed, can yield better-value products and services that may be of higher quality, and lower risk and cost, than those obtained through sole-source acquisitions.
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In addition, recent changes to the GOES-R series resulted in deletion or descoping of instrumentation and a delay in the first spacecraft launch. The committee should give particular attention to impacts in areas associated with climate research, other NOAA strategic goals, and related GEOSS/IEOS societal benefit areas.
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Privette, NOAA NCDC Discussion 12:00 p.m. Working Lunch: Overview of Relevant Decadal Survey Recommendations -- Berrien Moore, University of New Hampshire
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Long-term strategy for ensuring climate records and broader climate services vision -- overlap, calibration, redundant measurements/validation, data processing/reprocessing, algorithm devel opment/evolution, archiving, science teams, grants/funding programs to support science teams Breakout Session 1 -- Consideration of NPOESS and GOES-R Priority Measurements for ECVs/Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Atmosphere Tom Vonder Haar, Colorado State University; John Bates, NCDC Rapporteur: Mark Schoeberl, GSFC Breakout Session 2 -- Consideration of NPOESS and GOES-R Priority Measurements for ECVs/Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Oceans Bob Weller, invited; Jeff Privette, NCDC Rapporteur: Ralph Milliff, NWRA Breakout Session 3 -- Consideration of NPOESS and GOES-R Priority Measurements for ECVs/Climate Data Records Related to Observations of the Land Berrien Moore, University of New Hampshire; Marc Imhoff, GSFC Rapporteur: Compton Tucker, CCSP 4:30 Workshop Adjourns for Day
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Session 1: Radiation Sensors Judith Lean, NRL; Bruce Wielicki, LaRC Rapporteur: Jim Coakley, Oregon State University Total Solar Irradiance Sensor -- Tom Woods, LASP Earth Radiation Budget Sensor -- Bruce Wielicki, LaRC Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Limb Subsystem -- Mark Schoeberl, GSFC Discussion Session 2: Visible and Infrared Imagers-Sounders Graeme Stephens, Colorado State University; Paul Menzel, University of Wisconsin Rapporteur: Stacey Boland, JPL MODIS and VIIRS -- Carl Schueler, Raytheon SBRC (retired) APS and APS-MODIS/VIIRS Synergy -- Brian Cairns, GISS AIRS/IASI/CrIS-ATMS Climate Considerations -- Tom Pagano, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Discussion Atmospheric Climate Variables and CDRs -- Paul Menzel, University of Wisconsin Land Climate Variables and CDRs -- Compton Tucker, CCSP Ocean Climate Variables and CDRs -- Chuck McLain, GSFC; Craig Donlon, U.K.
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Introduction of the Panel -- Jim Purdom Context of the NRC Panel on Options -- Antonio Busalacchi GOES-R Hyperspectral Measurements for Climate -- Paul Menzel/Jim Purdom CEOS Strategy on Climate Observations from Space -- Barbara Ryan WMO Workshop on Optimization -- Don Hinsman GMES and Climate Modeling -- Tony Hollingsworth Closing Remarks -- Jim Purdom Panel Questions and Discussion Closing Remarks -- Jim Purdom and Antonio Busalacchi
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and Assess Adequacy of Current, Post-Nunn-McCurdy Plans for: • Pre-launch Instrument Characterization and On-orbit Calibration/Validation • Overlap and Replenishment Requirements • Data Storage, Archiving, Distribution, and Reprocessing Panel-of-Panels Synthesis (What's been lost; what can be recovered; and, per NASA request, interplay with decadal survey recommendations) 4:00 Reconvene in Plenary Session 5:30 Workshop Adjourns
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2] • OSTP requested NOAA and NASA to provide: – An analysis of possible mitigation options of the climate impacts of the NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certi fication through 2026 – An assessment of the potential costs of these options • Primary goal: Ensure continuity of long-term climate records • NOAA and NASA analyzed the following options: – Remanifesting the climate sensors on NPOESS spacecraft – Placing sensors on currently planned non-NPOESS spacecraft – Developing new gap-filling climate satellite missions – Partnering opportunities • Key results: – Work in progress: still assessing options – Multiple options exist to mitigate the loss of sensors from NPOESS – Options consistent with Decadal Survey recommendations – Partnering for altimetry could provide significant cost savings NOTE: B
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– Measures the global distribution of aerosols and their impact on the Earth's energy balance, clouds, and precipitation • Conical Scanning Microwave Imager (CMIS) – Reduced Capability – Provides sea surface temperatures, sea ice and snow cover extents, soil moisture, ocean surface wind speed, water vapor, and precipitation rates even in the presence of heavy cloud cover – Continuous records date back to 1987 • Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
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6] • Option 1: NPOESS + Gap Filler Climate Satellite • Option 2: Sequential Climate Satellites • Option 3: Sequential Climate Satellites w/TSIS Redundancy • Option 4: Sequential Climate Satellites w/TSIS Redundancy & Operational Risk Reduction • These options also include free-flyer altimetry missions and climate data record science support 2 2 2 2 2 Primary Mitigation Strategy 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 8 0 5 0 5 NPOESS C2 NPOESS C4 TSIS SORCE Glory Climate Sat 1 Climate Sat 2 LandSat DCM FOO.
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: 2008 Poseidon 3 Glory: 2009 TIM APS NPP: 2010 CERES OMPS-Limb NPOESS C1 Mission: 2013 NPOESS C2 Mission: 2016 TSIS NPOESS C3 Mission: 2020 ERBS OMPS-Limb Follow-on APS NPOESS C4 Mission: 2022 TSIS LDCM Mission: 2011 TSIS Flight of Opportunity: 2017 Jason 3 Mission: 2013 ALT Jason 4 Mission: 2017 Jason 5 Mission: 2021 Advanced Altimeter Mission # 1: 2017 ADV ALT Advanced Altimeter Mission # 2: 2021 ADV ALT APS Climate Free-Flyer # 1: 2014 TSIS ERBS OMPS Climate Free-Flyer # 2: 2020 Notes: = Mission in Formulation or Development = Mission Concept to Restore NPOESS De-Manifested Climate Sensors = Mission Not Involved in this Option = Potential addition to option FIGURE [C.3] Option 1.
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Continuity Timeline. NPOESS + Climate Satellite.
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Sequential Climate Satellites.
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Continuity Timeline. Sequential Climate Satellites.
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Sequential Climate Satellites + TSIS Redundancy.
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procures sensors via current prime contractor overseeing subcon tracted instrument vendors • Altimetry – Altimetry capability explored as free-flying Jason follow-on and as advanced altimeter missions • Climate satellite missions – Examined 2 research-grade missions • Additionally explored TSIS (total and spectral) on Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)
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16] • Includes development, production, reprocessing, stewardship, and distribution • Assumes data from all NPOESS certified sensors and mitigation sensors/sources • Covers about 30 Climate Change Science Program essential climate variables • Will be covered in more detail in following presentation Free Flyer Climate Satellite [p.
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– Discussion on-going with JAXA about AMSR-2 – Pursuing several options for continuity of ocean vector wind measurements TABLE Near-Term Planning [p.
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CMIS to be redefined as a less capable, less expensive sensor Reduced Capability Related Missions *
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CALIPSO Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations CDR climate data record CEOS Committee on Earth Observations Satellites CERES Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System CERES S'COOL Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System Students' Clouds Observations On-Line CGMS Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites
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ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECV essential climate variable EDR environmental data record ENVISAT Environmental Satellite EOS Earth Observing System ERB Earth's radiation budget ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Sensor ESA European Space Agency ET-EGOS Expert Team on Evolution of the Global Observing System EUMETSAT European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Feng Yun Feng Yun Wind and Cloud (meteorological satellite) FPAR fraction of photosynthetically active radiation GACM Global Atmospheric Composition Mission GCOM Global Change Observation Mission GCOS Global Climate Observing System GEMS Global and regional Earth-system (Atmosphere)
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Meteosat Meteorological satellite for European counterpart to GOES MetOp Meteorological Operational Satellite (European) METSAT Meteorological Satellite MIPAS Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding MIS Microwave Imager and Sounder MISR Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer MLS microwave limb sounder MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer MSG Meteosat Second Generation MSU microwave sounding unit NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service NESDIS/STAR National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service/Center for Satellite Applications and Research NIR near infrared NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NODC National Oceanic Data Center (NOAA)
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Microwave Radiometer SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory SORCE Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment SPOT ������������������������������������������������� Satellite Probatoire de l'Observation de la Terre SSI spectral solar irradiance SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave Imager SSMIS Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder SST sea surface temperature STAR Center for Satellite Applications and Research
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TOPEX Ocean Topography Experiment TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TSI total solar irradiance TSIS Total Solar Irradiance Suite UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UV ultraviolet VAS VISSR Atmospheric Sounder VIIRS Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite VIRI visible and infrared imager VISSR Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer WindSat a joint Integrated Program Office/DOD/NASA satellite-based polarimetric microwave radiometer WMO World Meteorological Organization XOVWM Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission
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Ardanuy served on the NRC Panel on Earth Science Applications and Societal Benefits of the Committee for Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for the Future, and on the Committee on Utilization of Environmental Satellite Data: A Vision for 2010 and Beyond.
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Dr. Lean served on the NRC Committee on Radiative Forcing Effects on Climate, the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, and the Panel on Climate Variability and Change of the Committee for Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Community Assessment and Strategy for the Future.
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His research focuses on radiative transfer models that relate satellite observations to geophysical parameters, with the objective of providing reliable geophysical data sets to the Earth science community. He is currently working on satellite-derived decadal time series of atmospheric moisture and temperature, the measurement of sea surface temperature through clouds, and advanced microwave sensor designs for climatological studies.
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