Applications of Social Network Analysis for Building Community Disaster Resilience Workshop Summary (2009) / Chapter Skim
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2 The Science and Practice
2 The Science and Practice
Pages 15-32
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, fostering community resilience, reaching vulnerable populations through social networks, and the use of social networking tools to improve communication. WORKSHOP VOCABULARY During the first day of workshop discussions, the workshop planning committee observed inconsistent use of key terms related to social networks and SNA by participants.
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The set of theories for forecasting, reasoning about, and understanding how social networks form, are maintained, and evolve, and the role of variables such as social networking tools, media, and stress in affecting the emergence, utilization, management, and change in social networks. a See www.facebook.com (accessed March 2, 2009)
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. THE STATE OF THE ART IN SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS Kathleen M
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State-of-the-art data collection includes a dynamic network analysis suite of three types of tools to track and analyze trail and other network data. The suite includes (1)
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. BioWar is a CASOS package that enables community leaders to prepare for biological attacks using computational models of social networks, communication media, disease models, demographically accurate agent modes, wind dispersion models, and a diagnostic error model combined into a single model of the impact of an attack on a city.
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Issues and Knowledge Gaps in the Application of SNA Traditional SNA technologies that are able to reveal weaknesses in response networks, identify vulnerable populations, target opinion leaders in communities, or conduct text mining to support hot-topic analyses are not regularly utilized in policymaking settings. This is also true in the disaster management community where, in general, networks do not exist that link emergency responders with one another or with networks elsewhere in the community.
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In spite of this, no agency is charged with funding such research. Cost There are different but related costs to be factored in by a community when considering SNA technologies for building community disaster resilience: the cost of the necessary analytical tools, the cost of creating the network of individuals to conduct the analyses, and the cost of creating the community networks necessary to develop community
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STUDYING, ASSESSING, AND CREATING RESILIENT COMMUNITIES Fran H Norris of the National Center for Disaster Mental Health Research of the Dartmouth Medical Center was invited to define community resiliency in a presentation to workshop participants.
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Building community disaster resilience is more than a focus on disaster preparedness. It represents a paradigm shift that relies on building economically strong communities whose members can work together and use information to make and act on decisions.
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Building Adaptive Capacities to Increase Community Resilience Community resilience emerges from the ability to withstand stress without degradation. It is largely dependent on access to vital community resources.
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REACHING VULNERABLE POPULATIONS THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS: CASE STUDIES OF EFFORTS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV The workshop planning committee sought to explore how social networks and SNA could be used to reach vulnerable populations that may become disenfranchised from the larger community following a disaster. Because of the limited number of case studies on this topic, the committee looked to a case study from the public health community.
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Latkin unless otherwise noted. The Urban Social Service Network Setting Insufficient service capacity exists to deal with the demands of daily medical emergencies in many major northeast urban cities.
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Community resources are unavailable or not trusted by the population during times of normal operation, but are even scarcer when disaster strikes. 2 For example a more durable approach to informing drug users of the effectiveness of cold water on needles may be to compare the use of cold water on needles with using cold water on clothing to wash out blood.
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USING SOCIAL NETWORKING TOOLS TO ENHANCE COMMUNICATION In the last decade, numerous digital networking tools have been developed that are changing the way many in American culture communicate. The workshop planning committee invited Michael Byrne of ICF International Inc.
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Individuals anywhere in the world can share visual information over networks using tools such as Flickr6 and YouTube.7 The emergency management community has largely missed the networking revolution. Emergency management practitioners would benefit from a new communication paradigm and from studying how others are using social networking tools.
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However, some government agencies are now exploring and even embracing the active use of social networking tools. Double-Edged Sword Even though networking tools can be successfully used to spread information, Mr.
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Positive outcomes will only be achieved, however, with an understanding of how a population will behave in response to new information, how a message may change once it is broadcast, and how durable messages are developed to have the desired effect. Many workshop participants expressed the importance of understanding the effective use of social networks and social networking tools during all phases of the disaster cycle while remaining cognizant that the infrastructure for these tools may fail.
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32 APPLICATIONS OF SNA FOR BUILDING COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE innovations at different social and management levels to identify and close disconnects between those that need resources and those that have access to them would be beneficial. Networking tools can be intelligently used to engage meaningfully with the community to positively influence behaviors, influence mitigation and preparedness strategies, build more resilient systems, and improve response and interventions.
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