Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 8 (2010) / Chapter Skim
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8 Propylenimine
8 Propylenimine
Pages 368-392
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From page 368... ...
Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.
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From page 369... ...
Although the AEGL values represent threshold levels for the general public, including susceptible subpopulations, such as infants, children, the elderly, persons with asthma, and those with other illnesses, it is recognized that individuals, subject to idiosyncratic responses, could experience the effects described at concentrations below the corresponding AEGL. SUMMARY Propylenimine is an aziridine compound used to modify latex surface coating resins to improve adhesion and to modify bonding properties of textiles, paper, and dyes.
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From page 370... ...
Propylenimine-induced respiratory tract damage appears to be due to a direct effect of the alkylating agent on the respiratory epithelium; this mechanism is expected to be similar among species. An uncertainty factor of 3 was applied for intraspecies variability because the effects appear to involve direct contact of the eyes or respiratory epithelium with a very reactive alkylating agent and these effects are not expected to differ considerably among members of the population.
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From page 371... ...
However, the acute toxicity of propylenimine is likely to be similar to that of ethylenimine because of their similar chemical and physical properties. Humans exposed to ethylenimine in air experience skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath (Trochimowicz et al.
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From page 372... ...
1948 a AEGL-2 and -3 values do not account for the potential cancer risk due to inhalation exposure to propylenimine. b Effects including death, irritation to eyes, and irritation to the respiratory tract may be delayed until after cessation of exposure.
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From page 373... ...
However, because of its structural and physical and chemical similarity to ethylenimine, propylenimine is expected to cause damage to the eye, respiratory tract, and skin, with onset of effects being delayed depending on the exposure concentration and duration.
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From page 374... ...
Microscopic examination of tissues and organs revealed necrosis of the renal tubular epithelium, pulmonary congestion with leakage of fluid and blood into the bronchioles of guinea pigs that died, and cloudy swelling in the kidneys of survivors.
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From page 375... ...
3.6. Summary Propylenimine was lethal in rats after exposure to 500 ppm for 240 min, whereas it was lethal in guinea pigs after exposure to 500 ppm for 60, 120, or 240 min.
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From page 376... ...
Clinical observations associated with acute exposure to ethylenimine included fever, conjunctival irritation, evidence of liver inflammation, transitory hemoconcentration, eosinophilia, mild albuminuria, extensive respiratory irritation manifested by decreased respiratory function, and ulceration of the posterior nasal cavity (Weightman and Hoyle 1964)
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From page 377... ...
Species Concentration (ppm) Response 5 Rat 100 0/6 2558 250 0/6 500 1/6 1000 1/5 4000 4/6 Guinea pig 250 0/6 2906 500 0/6 1000 0/6 4000 4/6 10 Rat 500 2/6 1407 1000 4/6 2000 1/6 4000 5/6 Guinea pig 2000 1/12 2824 4000 6/6 Rat 100 15 0/6 545 250 1/6 500 3/6 1000 5/6 2000 5/6 4000 6/6 Guinea pig 250 0/6 1283 500 0/6 1000 0/6 2000 6/6 30 Rat 500 5/6 Not determined 1000 6/6 2000 5/5 Guinea pig 100 0/6 364 250 0/6 500 5/6 1000 6/6 60 Rat 100 0/6 268 250 2/6 500 6/6 Guinea pig 25 0/12 235 100 1/6 250 2/6 500 6/6 120 Rat 50 0/6 259 100 1/6 250 3/6 (Continued)
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From page 378... ...
For ethylenimine, a linear relationship was obtained for the log-log plot of LC50 concentration versus exposure duration for rats and guinea pigs. Because propylenimine and ethylenimine have similar chemical structures and activity; the concentration-exposure duration relationship is expected to be similar.
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From page 379... ...
The relative potency factor of 5 is the geometric mean of the three relative toxicity values calculated from the inhalation studies with rats and guinea TABLE 8-4 AEGL-1 Values for Propylenimine Chemical 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h Propylenimine NR NR NR NR NR NR: Not Recommended. The absence of AEGL-1 values does not imply that exposures below the AEGL-2 are without adverse health effects.
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From page 380... ...
. The geometric mean was used for the propylenimine AEGL-2 assessment because of the variability in relative potency values between ethyleneimine and propylenimine (relative potencies were 8-fold in a rat study and 4- and 5-fold in two guinea pig studies)
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From page 381... ...
Respiratory tract damage appears to be due to a direct effect of an alkylating agent on the respiratory epithelium; this mechanism is expected to be similar among species (NRC 2003)
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From page 382... ...
1985) after exposure to alkylating agents, and DNA damage can persist in respiratory and systemic organs following inhalation exposure to these agents (Rao et al.
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From page 383... ...
b Effects including death, irritation to eyes, and irritation to the respiratory tract may be delayed until after exposure is terminated. c AEGL values for propylenimine = AEGL for ethylenimine × 5 (relative potency factor)
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From page 384... ...
Human studies are precluded because propylenimine is carcinogenic in animals and is, therefore, a suspect carcinogen in humans. Because the data set for deriving AEGL values for propylenimine was deficient, a relative toxicity approach was used to derive AEGL-2 values for propylenimine.
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From page 385... ...
2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
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From page 386... ...
1999. Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure.
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From page 387... ...
3 for intraspecies variability, because the effects appear to involve direct contact of the eyes or respiratory epithelium with a very reactive alkylating agent. Studies have shown that DNA damage is probably the initiating step in a cascade of events leading to cell damage after exposure to alkylating agents, and DNA damage is persistent in respiratory and systemic organs following inhalation exposure to these agents.
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From page 388... ...
In this study rats were administered propylenimine by gavage at two different doses for different time periods. The study author combined incidences of tumors at different anatomical sites but provided no data indicating that the incidence of each tumor type was related to administration of propylenimine.
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From page 389... ...
Clinical signs: eye and respiratory irritation, and extreme respiratory difficulty at 25-250 ppm; prostration at 250 ppm; no effects at 10 ppm. Gross pathologic effects: congestion and hemorrhage in the lungs, congestion in all internal organs at 25-250 ppm; no effects at 10 ppm.
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From page 390... ...
Studies have shown that DNA damage is likely the initiating step in a cascade of events leading to cell damage and DNA damage is persistent in respiratory and systemic organs following inhalation exposure to alkylating agents. Modifying Factor: 2 because of a deficient database.
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From page 391... ...
Intraspecies: 3 - the effects appear to involve direct contact of the eyes or respiratory epithelium with a very reactive alkylating agent. Studies have shown that DNA damage is probably the initiating step in a cascade of events leading to cell damage after exposure to alkylating agents, and DNA damage is persistent in respiratory and systemic organs following inhalation exposure to these agents.
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From page 392... ...
APPENDIX D 392 Category Plot for Propylenimine Chemical Toxicity - TSD All Data Propylenimine 1000.0 Human - No Effect Human - Discomfort Human - Disabling 100.0 Animal - No Effect Animal - Discomfort ppm Animal - Disabling 10.0 Animal - Some Lethality AEGL-3 AEGL-2 Animal - Lethal AEGL 1.0 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 Minutes FIGURE D-1 Category plot for propylenimine.
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