Ecosystem Concepts for Sustainable Bivalve Mariculture (2010) / Chapter Skim
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6 Economic and Policy Factors Affecting Bivalve Mariculture
6 Economic and Policy Factors Affecting Bivalve Mariculture
Pages 107-122
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From page 107... ...
. In some instances, inconsistencies in the law produce an uncertain legal environment for mariculture operations, and regulators may be in the conflicted position of both promoting the development of the industry and preventing conflicts with other uses of the land and water (National Research Council, 1992; DeVoe, 1999)
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From page 108... ...
(2003) , the committee summarizes the main types of policies and regulations that govern bivalve mariculture, focus ing on the following areas: • leasing and tenure policies • jurisdictional complexity • land use, zoning, and tax policies • interstate transport policies • offshore mariculture policy Leasing and Tenure Policies Nearshore mariculture operations usually are sited on or in "public trust" resources (i.e., state intertidal and subtidal lands and state waters)
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From page 109... ...
Application for a Section 10 permit in turn can trigger USACE's "public interest review process," which can involve the assessment of environmental impacts and the development of an environmental impact statement. In the course of evaluating Section 10 permit applications, USACE typically seeks comments from the National Marine Fisheries Service's Protected Resources Division, which determines the likelihood of any impacts to endangered or threatened species or marine mammals and from other federal (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.
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From page 110... ...
Many coastal states also have created interagency coordinating committees or task forces to facilitate the mariculture permit process. Some states produce written guidance to help permit applicants understand the set of permits required for different mariculture operations and the process and sequence for obtaining them.
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From page 111... ...
The existence of inconsistent policies for interstate shipment of these mariculture products has hampered the ability to develop a comprehensive interstate transport capability. When limited 3 Connecticut General Statue, Ch.
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From page 112... ...
. A bill defining federal policy and permit processes for mariculture in the exclusive economic zone, the National Offshore Aquaculture Act has been introduced several times, most recently in 2007 as H.R.
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From page 113... ...
NOAA reports separate mariculture production statistics as part of its annual "Fisheries of the United States" report (National Oceanic and
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From page 114... ...
oyster production peaked in the late 1800s at more than 80,000 metric tons (meat weight) per year.
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From page 115... ...
is reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2009) to have reached 4.1 million metric tons (live weight)
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From page 116... ...
Mussels Global mariculture production of mussels is reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2009) to have reached 1.9 million metric tons (live weight)
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From page 117... ...
U.S. Production Prices metric tons (meat weight)
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From page 118... ...
northeast bivalve producers have complained about damages from "dumping" (fresh mussels from Canada) and from mislabeling of imported or non-local bivalves (cultured clams grown originally outside the northeast labeled improperly as local product)
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From page 119... ...
Imports contributed the equivalent of 4.74 million metric tons, and exports accounted for 2.38 million metric tons, for net domestic consumption of 5.37 million metric tons of edible seafood. This supported an average U.S.
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From page 120... ...
If U.S. capture landings and existing aqua culture production remain at present levels, this leaves a projected short fall in 2025 of 2.7 million metric tons per year (round weight)
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From page 121... ...
Shellfish growers can increase the social carrying capacity and reduce political opposition to mariculture leases by engaging constructively with the local community, for example, by supporting local charitable causes and designing their operations to minimize visual and physical conflicts with established uses. Bivalve mariculture proposals that require some portion of nearshore waters or tidelands to be "off limits" to foot or boat traffic may run afoul of public rights of use and access.
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From page 122... ...
. In coastal settings where excess nutrient inputs are causing ecological problems or where historic natural bivalve stocks have been depleted, prospects for permitting of bivalve mariculture can sometimes be improved by educating the local community about the ecological benefits (e.g., water filtration, nutrient removal, habitat enhancement for finfish and crabs)
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