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Pages 313-322

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From page 313... ... See Generalizability Campbell perspective, 174–177, 279, 281–282, 284, 288 Appraisals design elements used in constructing quasi-experiments, defining, 57, 227 178–179 Archival studies Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, as sources of evidence, 101 121 Arkansas framework for combating childhood and Cancer. See Diseases related to obesity adolescent obesity, with national recommendations Cardiovascular disease. Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... See also Target audiences Communicating and disseminating the framework, defined, 211 188–193 and intermediaries, 22, 188–189 channels, 190–191 Decision making implementation and monitoring, 192–193 comprehensive approach for preventing and addressing messages and materials, 192 childhood obesity, 29 objectives, 188 context of, 138 partnerships, 191–192 evidence-informed, 2 recommendations concerning, 14–15, 205–206 obesity prevention, and evidence needs, 26–30 target audiences, 188–190 physical, social, and emotional health consequences of Communities and neighborhoods obesity in adults, children, and youth, 27 approaches designed to foster changes in, 27, 43–44 relative risk of health problems associated with obesity Community assessment (needs assessment) , 91–93, 135 in adults, 27 Community-based participatory research, 295 Defining the problem, 71–87. Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... See also Assembling evidence objectives, 193–194 and informing decisions recommendations concerning, 14–15, 205–206 template for, 150 Evaluating evidence, 7–8, 115–131, 224 Existing evidence needs, 161–163 approaches to, 62 considerations for increasing evaluation of obesity criteria for assessing quality of evidence, 125–126 prevention initiatives, 162 existing approaches to evaluating evidence, 121, selected recommendations for research in childhood 123–124 obesity prevention, 163 generalizability and contextual considerations, 120–122 Existing tools for assembling evidence, 144–146. identification of appropriate outcomes, 118–120 See also Assembling evidence and informing the L.E.A.D. Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... See Opportunities to generate evidence recommendations concerning, 13–14, 204–205 I Geographic mapping, 102 Government, as an evidence source, 272 Identification of appropriate outcomes, 118–120 Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, evaluation framework for government efforts to and Evaluation, 144–145 support capacity development for preventing Graph theoretic approach, 180 childhood obesity, 119 Grey and unpublished literature evaluation framework for industry efforts to develop as evidence sources, 271 low-calorie and nutrient-dense beverages and Guidance for assembling the evidence, 135–144. See also promote their consumption by children and youth, Assembling evidence and informing decisions 120 existing tools for assembling evidence, 144–146 Identifying and locating evidence how do we implement this information for our evidence synthesis methods, 105–108 situation? Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... See also Level of certainty Locating evidence, 7 key assumptions/threats to, and example remedies for information sources for, 269–275 randomized controlled trials and alternatives, 176 strategies for, 89–114, 148–149 International Obesity Task Force, 65, 91 Logic models/modeling, 28, 65, 135–136, 151, 294 Interrupted time series analysis, 174, 176, 180, 277–278, for obesity prevention, 39–41, 119 281–283 as sources of evidence, 103–104 as sources of evidence, 101, 103–105 Longitudinal studies, 100, 102, 118, 282, 289 Interventions as sources of evidence, 100, 102 defined, 215 Low-income IOM. See Institute of Medicine as a risk factor for obesity, 24, 26, 163 IOTF. Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... framework, 192–193 27 Multilevel, multisector obesity prevention approaches, and overweight as a societywide problem, 1, 17, 22–26 46–49 prevalence of, 18, 23–25, 44 example of a multilevel approach -- childhood obesity Obesity prevention approaches, 35–54 prevention in Texas, 47–49 approaches designed to foster changes in communities multilevel, multisector approach to childhood obesity and neighborhoods, 43–44 prevention in Texas, 48 approaches involving changes in organizational policies, need for, 46–47 environments, and practices, 42–43 Multilevel Approach to Community Health, 291–292 in the broader context of other public health initiatives, Multisite designs, 172–173. See also Randomized 49–51 controlled trials considerations for increasing evaluation of, 162 current evidence base, 9–10, 55–59, 201–202, 227–267 definitions and types of prevention, 36–39 N differences from obesity treatment, 21 National Chronic Disease Directors, 190 health communication and social marketing National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research, approaches, 44–45 191–192 interventions in health care settings, 45 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1, lessons for obesity prevention from other public 22–24, 45, 272 health problems, 50 National Health Examination Survey, 22 logic models for obesity prevention, 39–40 National Health Interview Survey, 105 multilevel, multisector obesity prevention approaches, National Institutes of Health, 45, 127, 154, 162, 165 46–49 Native Hawaiians. Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... See also Target audiences Overweight Program theory analysis prevalence in the United States, 1 as sources of evidence, 103–104 Propensity scoring, 286–287 Prospective studies, 215 P Public health organizations, 12. See also Target audiences Public health problems -- lessons for obesity prevention, Pacific Islanders. Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... See also reach and representativeness, 122 Generalizability; Reach Quantitative data (or research) , 65, 84, 125, 127, 138– Research designs, experimental and quasi-experimental 139, 145, 153, 277, 279, 280–281, 295–296 common, 277–290 Quasi-experimental studies, 60, 64, 84, 125, 138, 145, economic cost analysis, 288–290 164, 174, 178, 277, 278, 283, 287 interrupted time series analysis, 281–283 as sources of evidence, 100–101, 103, 105–106 observational studies, 283–287 Questions pre-/posttest designs, 287–288 asked by the decision maker, 99, 147–148 regression discontinuity design, 279–281 that guide the gathering of evidence, 6–7, 91 a typology of research designs, 277 that need to be answered, types of, 61–62 Research funders, 4, 22, 189. Read the entire page →
From page 321... ... framework, methods, of evidence, 105–108, 126 91–100 of qualitative research, 107 "How" questions, 95–96 research studies, 238–239 posing "Why," "What," and "How" questions after a System dynamics, 74 policy or program is in place, 96–98 Systematic reviews, 60, 105–106, 224–225 questions that guide the gathering of evidence, 91 Systems approach, 71–74 "What" questions, 93–94 Systems investigation, 74 "Why" questions, 91–93 Systems perspective, 5–6, 36, 64, 71–87, 221 Spectrum of Prevention, 41, 46 importance of, 30 Stable unit treatment value assumption, 177 logic models and the complexity of interventions, Stakeholders, 15, 201, 206, 220. See also individual 136–137 Systems science, 74 stakeholders Standards for evidence quality Systems theory, 74 recommendations concerning, 13, 204 Systems thinking, 74 Statistical regression, 288 concepts and variables in, 76–77 Status of the current evidence base, 56–59 encouraging the use of, 12 choice of outcomes, 58–59 increasing understanding of, 11 lack of conceptual frameworks, 57–58 uses of, examples, 75–83 quantity of available evidence, 57 review of existing reviews on obesity prevention, T 227–267 Stocks and flows, 77. Read the entire page →
From page 322... ... See primer on concepts and variables in systems thinking, also Assembling evidence and informing decisions 76–77 elements of the reporting template, 146–148 the tobacco control movement, 75, 78–79 evidence table, 149–151 Using the L.E.A.D. framework, 4–10 question asked by the decision maker, 147–148 assembling evidence and informing decisions, 8–9 strategy for locating evidence, 148–149 evaluating evidence, 7–8 summary of evidence, 151–154 to inform decisions, 147 Texas, multi-level approach to childhood obesity locating evidence, 7 prevention, 47–49 opportunities to generate evidence, 9–10 Tobacco control movement, 50–51, 75, 78–79, 140, 169 recommendations concerning, 11–12, 202–203 lessons for obesity prevention, 43, 46 specifying questions, 6–7 sources of evidence, as natural experiments, 169 systems perspective, 5–6 systems thinking, 75–79 USPSTF. Read the entire page →

From page 313...

... See Generalizability Campbell perspective, 174–177, 279, 281–282, 284, 288 Appraisals design elements used in constructing quasi-experiments, defining, 57, 227 178–179 Archival studies Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, as sources of evidence, 101 121 Arkansas framework for combating childhood and Cancer. See Diseases related to obesity adolescent obesity, with national recommendations Cardiovascular disease.

Read the entire page →

From page 314...

... See also Target audiences Communicating and disseminating the framework, defined, 211 188–193 and intermediaries, 22, 188–189 channels, 190–191 Decision making implementation and monitoring, 192–193 comprehensive approach for preventing and addressing messages and materials, 192 childhood obesity, 29 objectives, 188 context of, 138 partnerships, 191–192 evidence-informed, 2 recommendations concerning, 14–15, 205–206 obesity prevention, and evidence needs, 26–30 target audiences, 188–190 physical, social, and emotional health consequences of Communities and neighborhoods obesity in adults, children, and youth, 27 approaches designed to foster changes in, 27, 43–44 relative risk of health problems associated with obesity Community assessment (needs assessment) , 91–93, 135 in adults, 27 Community-based participatory research, 295 Defining the problem, 71–87.

Read the entire page →

From page 315...

... See also Assembling evidence objectives, 193–194 and informing decisions recommendations concerning, 14–15, 205–206 template for, 150 Evaluating evidence, 7–8, 115–131, 224 Existing evidence needs, 161–163 approaches to, 62 considerations for increasing evaluation of obesity criteria for assessing quality of evidence, 125–126 prevention initiatives, 162 existing approaches to evaluating evidence, 121, selected recommendations for research in childhood 123–124 obesity prevention, 163 generalizability and contextual considerations, 120–122 Existing tools for assembling evidence, 144–146. identification of appropriate outcomes, 118–120 See also Assembling evidence and informing the L.E.A.D.

Read the entire page →

From page 316...

... See Opportunities to generate evidence recommendations concerning, 13–14, 204–205 I Geographic mapping, 102 Government, as an evidence source, 272 Identification of appropriate outcomes, 118–120 Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, evaluation framework for government efforts to and Evaluation, 144–145 support capacity development for preventing Graph theoretic approach, 180 childhood obesity, 119 Grey and unpublished literature evaluation framework for industry efforts to develop as evidence sources, 271 low-calorie and nutrient-dense beverages and Guidance for assembling the evidence, 135–144. See also promote their consumption by children and youth, Assembling evidence and informing decisions 120 existing tools for assembling evidence, 144–146 Identifying and locating evidence how do we implement this information for our evidence synthesis methods, 105–108 situation?

Read the entire page →

From page 317...

... See also Level of certainty Locating evidence, 7 key assumptions/threats to, and example remedies for information sources for, 269–275 randomized controlled trials and alternatives, 176 strategies for, 89–114, 148–149 International Obesity Task Force, 65, 91 Logic models/modeling, 28, 65, 135–136, 151, 294 Interrupted time series analysis, 174, 176, 180, 277–278, for obesity prevention, 39–41, 119 281–283 as sources of evidence, 103–104 as sources of evidence, 101, 103–105 Longitudinal studies, 100, 102, 118, 282, 289 Interventions as sources of evidence, 100, 102 defined, 215 Low-income IOM. See Institute of Medicine as a risk factor for obesity, 24, 26, 163 IOTF.

Read the entire page →

From page 318...

... framework, 192–193 27 Multilevel, multisector obesity prevention approaches, and overweight as a societywide problem, 1, 17, 22–26 46–49 prevalence of, 18, 23–25, 44 example of a multilevel approach -- childhood obesity Obesity prevention approaches, 35–54 prevention in Texas, 47–49 approaches designed to foster changes in communities multilevel, multisector approach to childhood obesity and neighborhoods, 43–44 prevention in Texas, 48 approaches involving changes in organizational policies, need for, 46–47 environments, and practices, 42–43 Multilevel Approach to Community Health, 291–292 in the broader context of other public health initiatives, Multisite designs, 172–173. See also Randomized 49–51 controlled trials considerations for increasing evaluation of, 162 current evidence base, 9–10, 55–59, 201–202, 227–267 definitions and types of prevention, 36–39 N differences from obesity treatment, 21 National Chronic Disease Directors, 190 health communication and social marketing National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research, approaches, 44–45 191–192 interventions in health care settings, 45 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1, lessons for obesity prevention from other public 22–24, 45, 272 health problems, 50 National Health Examination Survey, 22 logic models for obesity prevention, 39–40 National Health Interview Survey, 105 multilevel, multisector obesity prevention approaches, National Institutes of Health, 45, 127, 154, 162, 165 46–49 Native Hawaiians.

Read the entire page →

From page 319...

... See also Target audiences Overweight Program theory analysis prevalence in the United States, 1 as sources of evidence, 103–104 Propensity scoring, 286–287 Prospective studies, 215 P Public health organizations, 12. See also Target audiences Public health problems -- lessons for obesity prevention, Pacific Islanders.

Read the entire page →

From page 320...

... See also reach and representativeness, 122 Generalizability; Reach Quantitative data (or research) , 65, 84, 125, 127, 138– Research designs, experimental and quasi-experimental 139, 145, 153, 277, 279, 280–281, 295–296 common, 277–290 Quasi-experimental studies, 60, 64, 84, 125, 138, 145, economic cost analysis, 288–290 164, 174, 178, 277, 278, 283, 287 interrupted time series analysis, 281–283 as sources of evidence, 100–101, 103, 105–106 observational studies, 283–287 Questions pre-/posttest designs, 287–288 asked by the decision maker, 99, 147–148 regression discontinuity design, 279–281 that guide the gathering of evidence, 6–7, 91 a typology of research designs, 277 that need to be answered, types of, 61–62 Research funders, 4, 22, 189.

Read the entire page →

From page 321...

... framework, methods, of evidence, 105–108, 126 91–100 of qualitative research, 107 "How" questions, 95–96 research studies, 238–239 posing "Why," "What," and "How" questions after a System dynamics, 74 policy or program is in place, 96–98 Systematic reviews, 60, 105–106, 224–225 questions that guide the gathering of evidence, 91 Systems approach, 71–74 "What" questions, 93–94 Systems investigation, 74 "Why" questions, 91–93 Systems perspective, 5–6, 36, 64, 71–87, 221 Spectrum of Prevention, 41, 46 importance of, 30 Stable unit treatment value assumption, 177 logic models and the complexity of interventions, Stakeholders, 15, 201, 206, 220. See also individual 136–137 Systems science, 74 stakeholders Standards for evidence quality Systems theory, 74 recommendations concerning, 13, 204 Systems thinking, 74 Statistical regression, 288 concepts and variables in, 76–77 Status of the current evidence base, 56–59 encouraging the use of, 12 choice of outcomes, 58–59 increasing understanding of, 11 lack of conceptual frameworks, 57–58 uses of, examples, 75–83 quantity of available evidence, 57 review of existing reviews on obesity prevention, T 227–267 Stocks and flows, 77.

Read the entire page →

From page 322...

... See primer on concepts and variables in systems thinking, also Assembling evidence and informing decisions 76–77 elements of the reporting template, 146–148 the tobacco control movement, 75, 78–79 evidence table, 149–151 Using the L.E.A.D. framework, 4–10 question asked by the decision maker, 147–148 assembling evidence and informing decisions, 8–9 strategy for locating evidence, 148–149 evaluating evidence, 7–8 summary of evidence, 151–154 to inform decisions, 147 Texas, multi-level approach to childhood obesity locating evidence, 7 prevention, 47–49 opportunities to generate evidence, 9–10 Tobacco control movement, 50–51, 75, 78–79, 140, 169 recommendations concerning, 11–12, 202–203 lessons for obesity prevention, 43, 46 specifying questions, 6–7 sources of evidence, as natural experiments, 169 systems perspective, 5–6 systems thinking, 75–79 USPSTF.

Read the entire page →

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Index Pages 313-322

Index
Pages 313-322