Naval Engineering in the 21st Century The Science and Technology Foundation for Future Naval Fleets -- Special Report 306 (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Results and Future Prospects of the National Naval Responsibility for Naval Engineering
4 Results and Future Prospects of the National Naval Responsibility for Naval Engineering
Pages 113-173
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From page 113... ...
The task statement also asks the committee to assess the National Naval Responsibility for Naval Engineering's (NNR-NE's) "progress in the ability to: (l)
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From page 114... ...
. A healthy research field was defined as one that is productive in advancing fundamental knowledge, has strong linkages to engineering practice as evidenced by the transition of discoveries to applications and by the existence of effective channels of communication between researchers and practitioners, and has positive future prospects as evidenced by the development and retention of talented researchers and by the attraction of new researchers and resources into the field.
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From page 115... ...
and other government entities supporting naval ship systems engineering1 were asked to discuss the following questions: • What research is your institution supporting, or has it supported, that directly relates to the areas of interest of the Ship Systems and Engi neering Research Division of ONR (hydromechanics and hull design; ship design tools; propulsors; ship structures; and automation, control, and system integration)
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From page 116... ...
and other DOD agencies support relevant research, but rarely with potential naval applications or spe cific Navy needs in mind. University Research Centers and Private-Sector Research Institutions The January 2010 workshop also explored the ability of university and private-sector research institutions to support naval ship systems engineering S&T.
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From page 117... ...
• Design agents support shipbuilders or the Navy in design-related activities. Some design agents develop ship design tools to assist their design-related activities.
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From page 118... ...
The information received from these sources indicates the following: • Investment in commercial ship systems engineering technology within the United States is limited. Therefore, the Navy cannot rely on the commercial industry to sustain the naval ship system engineering S&T infrastructure and technology base.
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From page 119... ...
Minimizing total ownership cost is growing in importance for the Navy, but this focus is tempered in naval engineering because of the many constraints and requirements that determine naval ship design. Therefore, the commercial ship design industry is not a major contributor to efforts to advance naval ship design S&T.
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From page 120... ...
Hydrodynamics and Hull Design; Propulsors The major supporters of hydrodynamics basic research in the United States historically have been the Navy, NSF, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
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From page 121... ...
industry supports little naval structures research because few large commercial ships are built in the United States. Naval structures research is performed and funded in the commercial sector in such countries as Japan and Korea, where commercial shipbuilding is a major industry.
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From page 122... ...
These shipyard design tools are more advanced than those in use for commercial ship design and construction, because the technical complexity of modern naval ships demands more sophisticated methods. The advanced shipyard design tools have potential uses throughout all stages of design.
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From page 123... ...
However, broader use of shipyard design tools and databases in this manner may be hindered because there has been little transition of the technology developed by the private-sector shipyards to Navy ship designers, many advances are regarded as proprietary, and the level of detail in associated databases is often not compatible with the early-stage analysis of alternatives and set-based design for new concepts. The NNR-NE portfolio does not include investments in detail design tools because development of these tools is not considered to be basic research.
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From page 124... ...
Looking to the domestic and international shipbuilding industry to supplement the development of naval ship design tools and methods has had mixed results.
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From page 125... ...
. The complexity of naval ship design has made necessary a combination of COTS and design tools developed by the Navy and shipbuilders (Kassell et al.
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From page 126... ...
As with automation and control, the principal Navy-specific problems appear to be application to special needs. Platform Power and Energy Power and energy technology is a dynamic field driven by developments in computing; telecommunications; and power electronics for industrial, consumer, and grid applications.
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From page 127... ...
Because of the differences between NNR-NE disciplines, ONR activities to fulfill its NNR-NE obligations need to be tailored to the status of each individual field. CONTRIBUTION OF ONR's NNR-NE The committee assessed how ONR's programs support naval engineering S&T in two steps.
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From page 128... ...
The 2001 memorandum directed that seven areas in naval engineering be considered to constitute the S&T breadth of the NNR-NE: ship design tools, ship structural materials, hydromechanics, advanced hull designs, ship propulsion, ship automation, and systems integration. The task statement for the committee's study refers to the same seven technical areas and instructs the committee to assess whether they adequately define the scope of NNR-NE.
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From page 129... ...
d"Ship automation" and "systems integration" have evolved into the "automation, control, and sys tem integration" area. e"Platform power and energy" is now treated as an S&T area, reflecting the importance of integrated electric drive for future combatants using directed energy weapons and to a certain degree addressing some of the technologies included in the 2001 category of "propulsion" and not included in the 2010 category of "propulsors." SOURCES: ONR 2001; presentation by J
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From page 130... ...
Automation, Control, System Integration (10.9) Ship Design Tools (12.7)
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From page 131... ...
The task statement requires that "the study will assess whether these seven disciplines adequately define the scope of NNR-NE." The committee's conclusions concerning the definition of the seven areas (now merged into six) are as follows: • Advances in all of the areas could be considered as innovations in naval ship design.
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From page 132... ...
The definition should state that all ONR basic and early applied research in these fields is to be coordinated to meet the goals of the NNR-NE. In particular, basic and early applied research in platform power and energy should be retained in the definition regardless of where this activity is housed in ONR.
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From page 133... ...
For certain other fields (including automation, control, and system integration and ship design tools) , the intellectual quality and the objectives are not evident, and the project portfolios appear to lack cohesion or to be too narrowly focused.5,6 The pattern of funding large numbers of small research projects evident in the portfolios of several NNR-NE fields suggests that the programs in these fields may not be well coordinated toward achievement of a small number of sharply defined goals.
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From page 134... ...
Applied power and energy projects, funded at an average of $1.6 million per project per year, are of sufficient scale to match the concept of a major field experiment that the 2001 memorandum calls for. Investing in the Development of New Researchers and in the Research Infrastructure The 2001 memorandum creating the NNR-NE requires ONR to support activities intended to attract and train new researchers and to support the construction and maintenance of physical research facilities.
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From page 135... ...
Naval Academy Preengineering Program Navy Collaborations Center for Reforming Undergraduate Education in Electrical Engineering Energy University of Minnesota Systems -- A Critical Infrastructure for National Security • Funding is spread among many universities. • NSWC is a major performer.
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From page 136... ...
University of Minnesota 5 Arizona State University 1 University of New Orleans 1 Brown University 1 University of Notre Dame 4 California Institute of Technology 5 University of South Carolina 3 California State University–Chico 1 University of Texas 2 Carnegie Mellon University 1 University of Utah 1 City University of New York 1 University of Virginia 1 Cornell University 4 Villanova University 1 Duke University 1 Virginia Polytechnic 7 Florida Atlantic University 2 Institute and State University Florida State University 3 Western Michigan University 1 Georgia Tech 7 Navy and other federal Johns Hopkins University 7 government institutions Lehigh University 3 Department of Energy 1 Maine Maritime Academy 1 Naval Academy 7 Massachusetts Institute of 4 Naval Air Warfare Center 2 Technology Naval Postgraduate School 2 Mississippi State University 1 Naval Research Laboratory 5 Northwestern University 5 Naval Surface Warfare Center 46 Pennsylvania State University 2 Naval Undersea Warfare Center 2 Princeton University 3 Private-sector firms and nonprofit Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 3 organizations Stanford University 1 ABB Inc. 1 State University of New York–Buffalo 2 Applied Research Associates, Inc.
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From page 137... ...
(SOURCE: Tabulations of ONR 331 basic and applied research projects provided to the committee by ONR.)
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From page 138... ...
30 25 20 15 Percent 10 5 0 Mechanical Aeronautical/ Civil Electrical Naval Materials Ocean Physics/ Oceanography Other Engineering/ Aerospace/ Engineering Engineering Architecture Science Engineering Engineering Engineering Aerospace and Physics Mechanics Mechanical Engineering FIGURE 4-5 Department of graduate degree of naval engineering principal investigators, 2009. Note: The count for degrees from mechanical engineering departments may include some degrees awarded in ocean engineering programs housed within mechanical engineering departments.
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From page 139... ...
defining the criteria for designating new NNRs require that the responsible department report annually on the execution and progress of the NNR and require coordination of the NNR with ONR's Future Naval Capabilities (FNC) technology transition initiatives and with DARPA.
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From page 140... ...
. near operational concepts, the INP program explores technologies that have the potential tohave the potential to introduce a game tional concepts, the INP program explores technologies that introduce a game-changing impact on the way the Navy on the way the Navy operates.
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From page 141... ...
Figures 4-6 and 4-7 show the ONR output metrics for each area: the number of papers and book chapters published and the number of investigators, students, and postdoctoral researchers engaged in NNR-NE projects during 2006–2009. ONR reported these metrics to the committee for each ONR program officer, and the committee assigned them to technical areas according to the primary area of responsibility of each program officer, although some program officers may oversee projects in more than one area.
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From page 142... ...
All areas 600 80 70 500 60 400 50 Chapters Papers Papers 300 40 Book Chapters 30 200 20 100 10 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Ship design tools and structures 140 120 100 Papers 80 Book Chapters 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Structural systems 70 60 50 Papers 40 Book Chapters 30 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Hydromechanics and hull design 140 120 100 Papers 80 Book Chapters 60 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 FIGURE 4-6 Journal papers and book chapters published on ONR-sponsored research in naval engineering–related topics, 2006–2009.
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From page 143... ...
Results and Future Prospects of the National Naval Responsibility for Naval Engineering 143 Propulsors 35 30 25 Papers 20 Book Chapters 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Automation, control, and system integration 12 10 8 Papers Book Chapters 6 4 2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Platform power and energy 250 20 200 15 Chapters Papers 150 Papers 10 Book Chapters 100 5 50 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 FIGURE 4-6 (continued) Journal papers and book chapters published on ONR-sponsored research in naval engineering– related topics, 2006–2009.
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From page 144... ...
All areas 500 450 400 PIs 350 300 Grad Students 250 Undergrads 200 Postdocs 150 100 50 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Ship design tools and structures 300 250 PIs 200 Grad Students 150 Undergrads 100 Postdocs 50 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Structural systems 40 35 30 PIs 25 Grad Students 20 Undergrads 15 Postdocs 10 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Hydromechanics and hull design 120 100 PIs 80 Grad Students 60 Undergrads 40 Postdocs 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 FIGURE 4-7 Principal investigators, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows supported by ONR-sponsored research in naval engineering–related topics, 2006–2009.
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From page 145... ...
Results and Future Prospects of the National Naval Responsibility for Naval Engineering 145 Propulsors 30 25 PIs 20 Grad Students 15 Undergrads 10 Postdocs 5 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Automation, control, and system integration 20 16 PIs 12 Grad Students Undergrads 8 Postdocs 4 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 Platform power and energy 250 200 PIs 150 Grad Students Undergrads 100 Postdocs 50 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 FIGURE 4-7 (continued) Principal investigators, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows supported by ONR-sponsored research in naval engineering–related topics, 2006–2009.
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From page 146... ...
There may be a need for closer collaboration between ONR's NNR-NE personnel and technical staffs at NSWC-CD and NAVSEA concerning how design tools that originate from an NNR-NE S&T area should be incorporated in design tools whose purpose is total ship design. In ONR's presentations to the committee, the objectives and approaches in ship design tools research within NNR-NE were outlined as follows: The objectives are to 1.
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From page 147... ...
The BA 1 and BA 2 ship design tools research projects sponsored by ONR and other programs generally are coupled closely with subsequent BA 3 research activities, although those investments
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From page 148... ...
The research areas generally have clear potential value to naval engineering. The evident objectives of the NNR-NE structures portfolio include the following: • Developing technologies for life-cycle performance analysis and mon itoring of ship structural systems; • Understanding the behavior of novel ship structures, such as compos ite and aluminum subsystems, during and after fire to enable modeling and predictions; • Providing a protection system or armor that can defeat several threats and meet structural and stiffness requirements; and • Facilitating use of alternative hull forms that are lighter, more surviv able, stealthier, cheaper, easier to maintain, and longer-lived than steel or aluminum hulls.
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From page 149... ...
Existing ships will continue in service longer and be subject to modernizations to extend service life. These decisions have implications for the relative importance of research on structures, design tools, and other technical areas within NNR-NE.
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From page 150... ...
In addition, as waterjets become more widely used for highspeed vessels, research in cavitation of waterjets is growing. Workshop participants cited the need for improved integration of propulsor and hull hydrodynamic interaction on naval ships and the subsequent integration of such research to develop useful design tools.
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From page 151... ...
The portfolio includes some highly applied projects, but basic research of broad potential applicability on system integration, system engineering, and system architecture appears to be absent from the NNR-NE. Recent projects in this research area concern the control of heterogeneous systems, adaptive automation for machinery control using a total ship approach, and increased cognitive functions of automated systems.
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From page 152... ...
However, gaps in Navy planning threaten the transition of this technology from ONR research and development to application. The definition of power electronics–based IPS and the design of its components, including converters, generators, energy storage systems, and design tools for more conventional ship designs and weapon system power loads, are adequately emphasized.
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From page 153... ...
However, ONR research grants in naval engineering have an important indirect role in providing the professional workforce. Faculty research funding is essential to the survival of naval engineering professional programs because research ensures the intellectual vibrancy of university academic programs.
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From page 154... ...
• The scope of NNR-NE functions and responsibilities with respect to education and relevant research outside the Ship Systems and Engi neering Research Division lacks clear definition. Conclusion: NNR-NE meets a Navy need but requires planning and stronger links to users and researchers.
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From page 155... ...
Finally, the physical infrastructure of laboratories and equipment, which receives important support through ONR research grants, appears to be adequate for current needs. However, the NNR-NE initiative has yet to reach its potential.
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From page 156... ...
The 2010 NNR instruction requires that the responsible department report annually on the execution and progress of the NNR. Regular progress reporting is a necessary step toward ensuring that the elements of NNRNE are managed as a unified initiative and recognized by ONR managers, researchers, and clients as the focal point of naval engineering–related basic and early applied research.
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From page 157... ...
Specific actions that ONR could incorporate in the NNR-NE initiative to promote and strengthen naval engineering–related research could include periodic evaluations of research output, periodic examinations of the health of the field and of the performance of all Navy programs supporting the field, procedures for giving priority to the NNR-NE fields in ONR program planning and budgeting, and management arrangements to ensure coordination of all relevant ONR activities toward achieving the shared NNR-NE objectives. Conclusion: Some prescribed NNR-NE activities may not have been undertaken.
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From page 158... ...
The committee's assessments of the significance of NNR-NE research were complicated by the lack of a full picture of ONR work related to naval engineering. Particularly in the fields of ship design tools; structures; and automation, control, and system integration, the committee understands that some amount of relevant basic and early applied research is being conducted in ONR divisions other than Ship Systems and Engineering Research.
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From page 159... ...
Proc., American Society of Naval Engineers Day 2010, Arlington, Va., Apr.
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From page 160... ...
2005. Leading a Sea Change in Naval Ship Design: Toward Collaborative Product Development.
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From page 161... ...
Annex 4-1 NNR-NE Scientific and Technical Areas Definitions and Rationales ONR provided the committee with the lists below, which summarize the objective, approach, Navy-unique characteristics, and expected payoff of the ONR research portfolio in each of five of the NNR-NE technical areas -- hydromechanics and hull design; structures; propulsors; automation, control, and system integration; and ship design tools -- and for the educational grant component of the NNR-NE.8 ONR did not provide such a list for the platform power and energy technical area. HYDROMECHANICS AND HULL DESIGN Objective: • Identify, understand, predict and control the fundamental phenom ena of turbulence, cavitation, breaking waves, bubble generation and hydroacoustics.
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From page 162... ...
• Energy-efficient hull forms. STRUCTURES Objective: • Develop technologies for life cycle performance analysis and moni toring of ship structural systems.
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From page 163... ...
• Develop ship structural health monitoring technologies to provide basis for life-cycle management and operator guidance. • Develop vulnerability assessment capability for light-weight ship structures based upon an improved understanding of material and structural response and life-cycle degradation effects.
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From page 164... ...
• Integrated with naval platforms. Payoff: • Propulsion options for high-speed ships that support critical missions.
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From page 165... ...
Navy Unique: • Navy ships are complex platforms composed of disparate systems where interactions and interdependencies are extensive and nonlinear. • Overall system behavior cannot be inferred from the analysis of an individual portion.
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From page 166... ...
• Integrate emerging research results into physics-based, technology performance evaluation tools. • Complement concept development activity with analytical tool devel opment and model testing.
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From page 167... ...
• Increase in student awareness of Naval Engineering course of study. • Expansion of Sea Perch Program using Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
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From page 168... ...
2000. Naval Engi neering: A National Naval Obligation.
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From page 169... ...
is not just a shipyard or ship design issue. It involves the full spectrum of naval engineering including
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From page 170... ...
. a planned, budgeted program for periodic ship design and construction.
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From page 171... ...
has promoted the world leadership of the United States in naval hydromechanics by sponsoring a research program focused on long-term S&T problems of interest to the Department of the Navy, by maintaining a pipeline of new scientists and engineers, and by developing products that ensure naval superiority. The committee restated the objectives of the NNR-NE and then stated the following: The assumption of national responsibility for the support of a research area requires the long-term commitment of a significant level of investment.
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From page 172... ...
The report's conclusions did not address R&D. Transportation Research Board, Naval Engineering: Alternative Approaches for Organizing Cooperative Research, 2002 This report concentrated on the evaluation of alternative structures for the management of research and used the current ONR principal investigator model as the baseline for comparison.
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From page 173... ...
to revitalize naval engineering and improve ship design and production. Naval engineering graduates and practicing professionals need to approach ship design, development, and production/construction from the "total ship" point of view in order to meet the challenges of the future Navy.
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