Frontiers of Engineering Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2011 Symposium (2012) / Chapter Skim
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The Evolution of Brain-Computer Interfaces--Eric C. Leuthardt
The Evolution of Brain-Computer Interfaces--Eric C. Leuthardt
Pages 123-136
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From page 123... ...
Classically, the cortical physiology that has been most investigated and utilized for device control has been brain signals from the primary motor cortex. To date, this classic motor physiology has been an effective substrate for demonstrating the potential efficacy of BCI-based control.
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. A real-world example of this would entail a quadriplegic subject controlling a cursor on a screen with signals derived from individual neurons recorded in the primary motor cortex without the need of overt motor activity.
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signal acquisition, the BCI system's recorded brain signal or information input; (2) signal processing, the conversion of raw information into a useful device command; (3)
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These techniques can vary from assessment of frequency power spectra, event-related potentials, and cross-correlation coefficients for analysis of EEG or ECoG signals to directional cosine tuning of individual neuron action potentials (Levine et al., 2000; Moran and Schwartz, 1999a; Pfurtscheller et al., 2003)
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The first category uses EEG, which involves brain signals acquired from the scalp. The second category, referred to as "single-unit systems," uses intraparenchymal microelectrodes that detect action potential firings of individual neurons.
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. To date, the large majority of clinical application of BCI technologies for people with severe motor disabilities have been demonstrated using EEG (Kübler et al., 2005; Nijboer et al., 2008; Vaughan et al., 2006)
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. This reactive sheath can have numerous deleterious effects, including neural cell death and an increased tissue resistance that electri cally isolates the device from the surrounding neural tissue (Biran et al., 2005; Szarowski et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2007)
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Gamma activity shows close correlation with action potential firing of tuned cortical neurons in the primary motor cortex in monkey models (Heldman et al., 2006)
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The cortical physiology that underpins the manner in which a human brain encodes intentions is beginning to be understood. This will have a significant impact in augmenting function for those with various forms of motor disabilities.
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2005. Neuronal cell loss accompanies the brain tissue response to chronically implanted silicon microelectrode arrays.
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1982. On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex.
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2008. Two-dimensional movement control using electrocorticographic signals in humans.
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IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8(2)
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136 FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING Wolpaw, J.R., N Birbaumer, D.J.
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