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Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Technology Introduction and Business Implications--Brent Stucker
Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Technology Introduction and Business Implications--Brent Stucker
Pages 5-14
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From page 5... ...
You also bump shoulders with investment bankers, venture capitalists, and do-it-yourself enthusiasts. A recent National Geographic video has gone viral on the Internet, showing the potential for 3D printing of a crescent wrench.
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In 2009, after more than 20 years of confusing terminology, the ASTM International F42 Committee on Additive Manufacturing Technologies defined additive manufacturing as the "process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies." These technologies were also called rapid prototyping, direct digital manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication, additive fabrication, additive layer manufacturing, and other similar technology names over the years. In the technical community, an international consensus has coalesced around the use of "additive manufacturing," whereas in the popular press the technologies are known as "3D printing." Every existing commercial AM machine works in a similar way.
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From page 7... ...
Material jetting is capable of printing multimaterial and gradient-material structures. Applications of multimaterial parts range from parts with controlled hardness and flexibility to parts with differing electrical properties in various regions to tissue-engineered structures with different biological properties in dif ferent regions of the part.
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The powder that surrounds the part being formed will naturally act as a support for any subsequent overhanging geometries, and no secondary support materials are necessary. The only commercially available full-color 3D printing machines are binderjetting machines.
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Photopolymer vat techniques give some of the best accura cies and surface finishes of any AM process. Some photopolymer vat technologies have been developed to use digital light processing projectors to project an image of the layer on the surface of the vat, thus cross-linking the photopolymer and converting the entire layer from a liquid to a solid simultaneously.
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From page 10... ...
This proliferation of low-cost AM machines is a major reason for the current mainstream interest in 3D printing. Powder Bed Fusion Powder-bed-fusion machines work in a manner similar to binder jetting; however, instead of printing glue onto a layer of powder, thermal energy is used to melt the powder into the desired pattern.
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From page 11... ...
Hybrid and Direct-write AM In some instances multiple AM techniques are combined within the same machine or AM is combined with subtractive techniques such as computer numerical control milling or laser cutting. For instance, by combining a simple
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From page 12... ...
The layer-by-layer approach of AM is particularly well suited for highly complex geometries, including geometries with internal passageways, undercuts, and features that are difficult or impossible to make using traditional manufacturing techniques. For small, highly complex objects, AM powder-bed-fusion processes are sometimes cheaper than injection molding for volumes of parts approaching 100,000 components.
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From page 13... ...
For AM, entrepreneurial opportunities include the development of new AM machines, supplying AM-produced components to major manufacturers, printing designs for consumers, selling unique designs for people to print at home, and more.
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Instead of requiring investors to provide startup capital, a creative person can cre ate and sell unique goods without ever buying a manufacturing machine or paying for the development of a mold or tool. This means that the barrier to market for entrepreneurial activity in AM is very low and the distinguishing factor between successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs may often have more to do with their ability to create marketing momentum through social media than their ability to secure venture capital or other financing.
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