U.S. and International Perspectives on Global Science Policy and Science Diplomacy Report of a Workshop (2012) / Chapter Skim
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1 U.S. Policy for Global Science
1 U.S. Policy for Global Science
Pages 5-24
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From page 5... ...
Efforts are under way to revitalize global science and technology cooperation, to address challenges that impede such cooperation, and to reach out to other countries through efforts such as the science envoy program.1 However, the administration is interested in what more can and should be done to further encourage international scientific engagement and collaboration to address challenges that face the United States and the world. In this report, the term global science is used to describe the advancement of science as a common, global process.
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Businesses and industry no longer operate on a national platform but on a global platform, not for a lack of national interest, but because new economic realities dominate the identification of science and technology investments likely to be most effective. Similarly, Mote said, governments face concerns of an increasingly global nature that are rooted in science and technology and that require partnerships between and among governments: currency valuation, interest rates, climate change, 2Major elements of the U.S.
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For the government–industry–university triad to operate effectively in a global innovation environment, the world's principal research uni versities must also operate on the global platform, said Mote. Though much research involves international cooperation, most universities have not yet adopted a global vision and function, a step that industry took more than a decade ago.
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During the ensuing discussion, several participants noted that to maximize advances in science and technology that benefit the global community, governments should create an environment that inspires and engages top talents from around the world, offers opportunities for leveraging international collaboration, and provides researchers with access to research facilities. Movement of Scientists Hampered by Visa and Travel Restrictions Many participants, both from the United States and from other countries, voiced concern that, particularly during the last 10 years, the United States responded to national and global security concerns with visa and immigration processes that have made it more difficult for some scientists and engineers to study, conduct research, work, or even attend meetings and conferences in this country.
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Educating and Empowering a New Generation of Scientists Rita Colwell, professor at the University of Maryland and recently appointed science envoy, highlighted that it is important for the U.S. science system to prepare young researchers for a career in today's Funding agencies should globally interconnected science encourage joint funding with environment.
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and foreign participants stressed that investments in science education in the United States and around the world are a critical step to build a science culture in a society that is beneficial to each country and the world at large. Engaging Early Career Researchers Around the World Both domestic and foreign workshop participants pointed out the importance of enabling early career researchers around the world to connect, collaborate, and establish relationships that have the potential to last for decades to come.
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"This program will promote the efforts of…Young Scientists to bridge the international scientific gap by facilitating cultural, scientific, intellectual, or educational interactions. The ambassadorship must be non-traditional; that is, interaction must occur between two countries that are at different stages of scientific development, or between two countries that historically have had minimal scientific contact." (www.chem.ufl.edu/~miller/YSAP/)
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, as many countries lack the necessary scientific and technological infrastructure. How can the United States and the home countries help these returning researchers to continue pursuing their research career?
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MAXIMIZING SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES IN AN INCREASINGLY GLOBAL RESEARCH COMMUNITY Today's global research environment is highly competitive, innova tion is critical, the cost of research is growing while resources are limited, and competition for the best and brightest minds is fierce. Workshop participants recognized that much is being done by U.S.
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These provide excellent foundations for science and technol ogy plans that address local priorities and global developments. While such plans need to come from within each country, these participants noted, some nations would benefit from greater support from the United States in developing national science and technology strategies to improve science education at all levels, and to strengthen a local sci ence culture that increases the respect for scientists and their work.
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As Cutberto Garza, provost of Boston College, said, researchers wonder, "Who do we call when we want to speak to the individuals who are in charge of enabling and promoting international science in the United States? " AREAS FOR INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION In her introductory remarks, session moderator Cherry Murray, dean of Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, sug gested the following common existing modes of scientific collaborations (noting that the list is not exhaustive)
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In their presentations, discussion leaders Karen Strier, professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Thomas Casadevall, scientist emeritus of the U.S. Geological Survey, identified several fields as promising areas for international cooperation, includ ing biodiversity and the environment (including climate, which affects sustainability, health, and energy)
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. Casadevall added that the management, processing, storing, archiving, and accessing of scientific datasets increasingly require international collaborative efforts.
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Other participants supported this suggestion, including Rita Colwell, who added that convincing the international science community to adhere to a uniform code of conduct should not be difficult and should be undertaken right away, as many scientists already follow various existing standards of responsible research conduct. Conditions for Success Several U.S.
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According to Larry Weber, "that type of global science requires large investments, larger numbers of people, expertise across multiple disciplines, and support from multiple parties, and multiple stakeholders need to be engaged and satisfied." However, achieving truly global science policies is very difficult, and not much progress to achieving this goal has been made, argued Khotso Mokhele of South Africa. Instead, national policies for global science may be a better way to react to the changing paradigm of science, while more global approaches are explored through pilot exercises.
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Thus, this type of investment was not made for an entire generation. The leaders of Examples of Effective Global science in the upcoming gen Science eration have not had the same set of experiences and will not The Human Genome Project possess the same deep knowl (Box 1-2)
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financial support, it has brought about 10,000 scientists together, adopted the National Academies' Frontiers of Science and Engineering symposia for India, expanded its activities with the private sector to offer fellowships, and over time increased its funding significantly. Neureiter suggested that this is a remarkably successful model that could be implemented in other countries.
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, supporting investigator-driven frontier research, is the largest supranational funding agency currently in existence. The Global Science Forum of the OECD brings together science policy officials who seek to identify and maximize opportunities for international cooperation in basic scientific research (http://www.oecd.org/department/0,3355,en_2649_34319_1_1_1_1_1,00.html )
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The use of "health house" programs in Southern Iran, specifically the Shiraz region, has significantly reduced child mortality rates and improved health indi cators related to maternal health, for example contraceptive use. The Mississippi delta region is learning from the Shiraz Medical School how to implement a health house program.
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