Building a Resilient Workforce Opportunities for the Department of Homeland Security: Workshop Summary (2012) / Chapter Skim
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3 An Operational Definition of Resilience
3 An Operational Definition of Resilience
Pages 43-60
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From page 43... ...
at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; he is also a leading expert in individual psychiatric responses to trauma, particularly within the firstresponder community. Dori Reissman is a senior medical advisor at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and is an expert in the integration of behavioral health and resilience into occupational safety and health policy and practice.
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From page 44... ...
With this definition, the associated outcomes, adaptive capacities, and interventions may vary, but the focus remains on functioning and process. Norris's process-oriented definition of resilience includes three layers -- adaptation, adaptive capacities, and intervention -- and is applicable to individual, community, and organizational resilience (see Figure 3-1)
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This research seeks to determine which resources, characteristics, and conditions influence the resilience process and affect the trajectory toward postdisaster adaptation described in layer one. Figure 3-2 maps the adaptive capacities for community resilience.
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Sense of community support Social Organizational Citizen participation linkages embeddedness FIGURE 3-2 Adaptive capacities for community resilience. SOURCE: Norris et al., 2008.
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The research on individual and community resilience can inform DHS's definition of organizational resilience. Norris suggested that a starting place would be to consider workforce wellness and its similarity to individual wellness and community wellness.
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Building on Existing Research Norris also noted that although this workshop series focuses on DHS organizational resilience, it is not necessary for scholars and practitioners in the realm of organizational resilience to start from scratch. They can build on progress in the realms of individual and community resilience.
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Ursano suggested that these factors form a matrix in which all four are interrelated and that a comprehensive program for resilience requires consideration for each section of the matrix. For example, within DHS there are operational and law enforcement missions.
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report illustrates issues related to critical incident responses of individuals (IOM, 2002) : Mourning PTSD Depression Unexplained somatic symptoms Sleep disturbances Increased use of alcohol and cigarettes Traumatic/complex grief Increased family violence and conflict Over-dedication to the group Helplessness and guilt Identification with the victim Ursano suggested that, when planning to sustain the surge capability in responders, this list also provides insight into individual responses and possible areas to target, such as psychiatric health and behavioral health.
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INTEGRATING RESILIENCE INTO HEALTH AND SAFETY The capacity of individuals to be resilient is tied to the organization's mission success and productivity and is an element of organizational culture. Dori Reissman suggested that resilience is the ability to adjust rapidly to adversity in a healthy manner and is an integral component of occupational health and safety.
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However, individuals' coping mechanisms can be overwhelmed by the amount of shift work or high-intensity project work that they have to respond to on an ongoing basis without time to recover. Reissman noted that career concerns are also an important contributor to job stress.
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Emergency Responder Communities The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) created a logic model for researching work stress that can be applied to homeland security and emergency response entities (see Figure 3-3)
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From the human behavior side, resilience can affect the productivity of the individual. NIOSH developed the Emergency Responder Health Monitoring and Surveillance Guidebook to implement enhancements for monitoring emergency Work Organization Worker Mechanisms Illness Organizational Job Demographics Practices Design Injury Biological Labor Supply Traumatic Experience Behavioral Dysfunction Cognitive Technology Disease Resistance Economy Physical and Chemical Exposure Recovery Resilience FIGURE 3-3 Causal pathways affecting worker safety and health.
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Questions and comments were taken from all of the workshop participants including the planning committee, summary panelists, and audience members. Long-Term Resilience Versus Incident-Specific Resilience Summary panelist Joseph Hurrell suggested that focusing on specific events or disturbances makes it possible to miss the bigger picture.
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She commented that each of the speakers discussed the problem of stigma and how it affects utilization of mental health and related services. It is important to make sure that the services provided fit the way individuals view their health care needs.
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The other category is active health surveillance that spans everything from postdeployment health assessments to survey health assessments, and from interviews to requiring annual physicals. The World Trade Center is one of the largest health surveillance activities, as is the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
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2004. Acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers.
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2011. Emergency responder health monitoring and surveillance.
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