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From page 233... ... acid rain (see acid precipitation) acid soil (see soil) Read the entire page →
From page 234... ... air pollution acid rain, 1 5 coal combustion, 20 corrosion, 20 cycle linkages, 131 health effects, 20 human health, 20 international transboundary, 19 lichens, 20 Manchester, England, 20 smokestacks, 20 vegetation, 20 (see also pollutants; pollution) air quality environmental effects, 30 gaseous reactive hydrocarbons, 54 urban areas, 54 wood burning effects, 30 air-sea interface, mercury, 28 air-water interface, 101, 131 aquatic ecosystems, 87 alcohols, 65 aldehydes, 65 diesel vehicle exhaust, 56 gasoline-alcohol fuels, 56 alfisols, 172 algae, 101, 161 ammonium, 91 carbon dioxide, 91 green, 113 heavy metals, 113 nitrate, 91 sulfate content, 91, 111 Zygnema, 161 Zygogonium, 161 algal fixation in Lake Erie, 25 aliphatics, 96 alkanes transformations, 96 alkylamines, microbial activity, 24 Read the entire page →
From page 235... ... 235 aluminum, 157 acid rain, 172 amorphous hydroxide, 172 concentrations, 124 hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in fish, 164 in sediments, 161 leaching, 173 oxides mobilization, 176 poisoning of brook trout, 103-104 surface water, 124 toxic concentrations, 167 toxicity, 111, 120 amelioration, 181-182 amines, 65 formation, 24 soils, 24 ammonia animal manure, 24 atmosphere, 24 concentrations isopleths, 150 deposition flux, 70 gaseous ammonia, 84, 120 mean annual concentrations in precipitation, 150 microbial action, 24 microbial oxidation, 23 Vitrification, 149 sheep urine, 24 ammonia carbonate, 15 ammonification acidification, 161 soil, 179 ammonium, in algae and aquatic plants, 91 ammonium sulfate aerosols, 120 amoebae, 101 amorphous aluminum hydroxide acid rain, 172 Anacapa Island, California brown pelican populations, 117 anaerobic environments metallic sulfides, 120 anaerobic habitats volatile sulfides, 120 � ~ anaeroblosls denitrification, 23 animal manure ammonia, 24 decomposition, 26 animal phyla protein, 114 animals biological consequences, 126 cadmium-lead synergism, 111 gaseous emissions effects, 105 metals synergism effects, 111 teratogenicity, 111 toxic substance deposition, 104 trace metals content, 104 anoxic environments recycling, 93 anoxic hypolimnia, denitrification, 25 anoxic sediments, 132 antagonisms, atmospheric pollutants, 108, 124 Antarctic, ice sheets, 2 anthropogenic emissions, 91 agricultural burning, 54 atmospheric nitrous hydrocarbons, 124 atmospheric nitrous oxides, 124 fossil fuels pollution, 1 gaseous organics, 54 global, 47, 54 nitrogen oxides, 47 organic carbon particles, 54 organic compounds, 54 particulate organic carbon, 54 anticyclonic conditions Europe, 60 North America, 60 antimony metals flux, 50 trace metals, 28 APEX (see Atmospheric Precipitation Experiment) aquatic ecosystems, 108-114 accumulation, 88-93 acidification, 164 acid rain, 19, 107-108, 129 air-water interface, 87 ammonia content, 93-94 Read the entire page →
From page 236... ... atmosphere aquatic sediments accumulation, 93-95 historical records, 95 long-term sinks, 93 aquatic systems mercury content, 28 aqueous solubility, 124 aqueous-lipid partitioning, 124 Arctic icecap chemical deposition, 136 arctic lake, methane discharge, 91 aromatic hydrocarbon, 66 aromatic molecules transformations, 96 aromatics' 65 arsenic, 4, 103 biological cycle, 31 livestock poisoning, 18 metals flux, 50 plant surface entry, 88 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 Asellus aquaticus low-water hardness tolerance, 112 ash in acid rain, 17 Astacus astacus, 161, 164 Atlantic Ocean carbonyl sulfide in air, 27 eolian transport, 15 above Lake Michigan, 133 ammonia, 24 ammonia carbonate, 15 anthropogenic constituents, 56 anthropogenic emission, 35 biogenic emissions, 22 carbon dioxide, 2, 91 carcinogens, 121 chemical equilibrium, 62-63 chemical reactivity, 72 denitrification, 176 deposition processes, 74 deposits, 99 discharge, 2 disequilibrium, 62 elements mobilization, 51 fossil fuel burning, 50 Read the entire page →
From page 237... ... 7 / gaseous organzas photooxidation, 65 gaseous pollutants, 105 heterogeneous processes, 66 human alterations, 13-19 hydrocarbons emissions, 32 interfaces, 122 mercury content, 107 mercury removal, 77 metabolic by-products, 27 metals, 28 methane, 64 mutagens, 121 organic compounds, 96 organic pollutants removal, 57 organochlorines, 59 overview, 1 oxidation reactions, 62-63 oxygen, 60 particles, 72 plumes, 60 pollutants, 36, 58, 107 radionuclides, 117 radon, 59 rain, 77 removal processes, 72 resorb and recycle materials, 93 selenium, 29 smelter emissions, 57 substances residence times, 74-84 sulfur content, 42, 70 sulfuric acid, 15 teratogens, 121 toxic heavy metals fallout, 121 toxic substances, 77 trace organic pollutants, 107 volatile components, 95 atmosphere-biospbere interaction, 36, 120 deposition processes, 57-86 global exchanges, 101 historical overview, 9-13 reactivity, 59 solubility, 59 synergistic relationships, 59 transformation, 57-86 transport, 57-86 atmosphere-biosphere system, 123 atmosphere-water interaction, 101 atmosphere-water interface, 74 atmospheric constituents residence times, 57 atmospheric contaminants biological accumulation, 87-119 deposition, 60 terrestrial ecosystems, 87 atmospheric deposition, 77-84, 101 acidification, 120 biological effects prediction, 122 ecological effects, 77 freshwater ecosystems, 131 terrestrial ecosystem, 131 atmospheric emissions fossil fuel burning, 38-56 natural biomass burning, 30-32 trace metals, 50 (see also atmospheric pollutants; atmospheric pollution) atmospheric haze, 15 atmospheric hydrocarbons fluorine, 130 sulfur dioxide, 130 trace metals, 130 atmospheric nitrous hydrocarbons, 124 atmospheric nitrous oxides, 124 atmospheric particulates formation, 14 atmospheric pollutants carbon dioxide, 120 ecosystems, 130 global distribution, 1 lichens, 130 mosses, 130 nitrogen oxides, 120 atmospheric pollution bogs, 180 forecasting, 7 monitoring, 7 atmospheric precipitation, 12 acid content, 84 Read the entire page →
From page 238... ... autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, 23 bacteria, 94, 101 acid tolerance, 95 (see also soils) barium, fossil fuel mobilization, 50 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 Barrow, Alaska atmospheric sulfate, 137 atmospheric vanadium, 137 baseline monitoring, 136 biota beech Fagus sylvatica, 173 beetles, 94 Belgium, aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 benthic crustacea, 161 Gammarus lacustris, 128 benthic organisms, heavy metals toxicity, 111 benzota~pyrene, antbropogenic sources, 131, 54 beryllium, trace metals, 28 bicarbonate solution, titration, 148 bioassay methodologies, 132 bioconcentration, 128 bioexcluded toxic elements, 103 biogenic emissions in atmosphere, 22 biogeochemical cycling, ecological effects, 126 biogeochemical reservoirs, global interactions, 123 biological methylation, 28 biological nitrogen fixation, ecosystems, 22 biology, 8 biomagnification, 128-129, 131 biomagnification-food chain relationship, 103, 125 biomass burning emission composition, 32 nitrogen oxides emissions, 47 acid effects, 149-181 atmospheric contaminants accumulation, 74 chemical elements behavior, 124 degradation, 136 deposition processes, 74 fossil fuels, 2 human health effects, 47 interfaces, 122 nitrogen oxides emissions effects, 47 overview, 1 pollutants, 107 reduction reactions, 63-64 acids production, 179 ecology, 8, 101 physiological parameters, 103 survival, 121 temperature dependence, 104 bioturbation, 94 birds, selenium concentration, 113-114 bismuth metals flux, 50 trace metals, 28 blood chemistry, copper toxicity, 107 blood-brain barrier, 114 blue-green algae, 25 heavy metal toxicity, 111 bog moss, Sphagnum, 149, 180 bogs sediments, methane generation, 32 Read the entire page →
From page 239... ... brook trout aluminum poisoning, 103-104 hydrogen ions, 104 brown pelicans, 117 bryophytes liverworts, 128 mosses, 128 stresses, 130 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 trace metals, 128 urban areas, 128 cadmium, 111, 173 concentrations in fishes, 3 detergents mixture, 113 Greenland glaciers, 136 in animals, 111 in Lake Michigan, 4, 5 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 lead synergism, 111 metals flux, 50 organism exposure, 113 Pimephales ~romelas, 114 streams, 157 synergistic interactions, 108 toxic concentrations, 107 toxicity, 113-114 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 calcicoles, 170 calcifuges, 170 Calcite Saturation Index, 181 calcium, 103 aluminum uptake, 111 carcinogens Canada aquatic freshwater plankton, 111 as an ameliorative, 111 in Swedish lakes, 155 lake sediments, 100 leaching, 173 low pH, 111 nutrient elements, 120 requirements, 101 ammonia concentrations, 150 aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 Arctic tundra, 130 ecosystem acidification, 149 environmental quality erosion, 136 precipitation pH, 81 satellite plume observations, 61 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 Canadian Department of Fisheries & Oceans, 182 Canadian Network for Sampling Precipitation, 81, 150 carbon, 91 bioconcentration, plants, 101 particulate organic, 54 carbon dioxide algae, 91 aquatic plants, 91 atmosphere, 2, 91 atmospheric pollutants, 120 global atmosphere, 13 pollutant, 4 carbon disulfide, 26 conversion, 98-99 carbon monoxide atmospheric source, 66 plants reaction, 88 soils interaction, 97 carbonates, weathered, 172 carbonyl sulfide, 26, 98, 99 carbonyls, 65 carboxylic acids formation, 66 hydrocarbon pbotooxidation, 66 atmosphere, 121 Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... 240 compounds, 131 micropollutants, 4 Caribbean DOT transport, 59 carnivores, 131 carnivorous fish bioconcentration, 104 mercury concentrations, 104 Catastomas commersoni, 119 catfish, PCB concentrations, 107 cation exchange neutral salts, 172 cement industry production, 56 production of heavy metals, 132 trace metals, 56 trace metals fluxes, 50 volatile oxides emissions, 53 cereal crops dry deposition resistance, 75 cesium residence times, 128 Chaoborus larvae, 167 charcoals concentration, 134 Lake Michigan, 134 strata deposits, 133 chelate metals, 113 chemical reactivity in atmosphere, 72 chemicals, biodegraded, 96 China fossil fuel consumption, 38 coal nuclear device detonation, 59 Chinook salmon, PCB concentrations, 107 chironomids, in acidified lake sediments, 167 Chlorella, heavy metals concentrations, 114 chlorides in acid rain, 17 systematic studies, 12 chlorinated aromatics, 96 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 14 pollutant resistance, 114 chlorophytes, 161 chromium, 173 in Swedish rain, 173 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 chrysophyceans, 161 Chrysophyta, 128 silicon concentration, 101 Cladonia, 128 clays minerals in soils, 99 nonmetabolic absorption adsorption, 104 climate changes, 2 ecosystems, 143 oscillations, 122 warming, 14 clouds coal condensation nuclei, 70 pollutants, 77 gasification, 54, 56 particulate organic carbon fluxes, 56 phenols, 56 toxic metals enrichment, 35 U.S. reserves, 38 coal combustion air pollution, 20 nitrogen oxides linkage, 119-120 processes, 132 products, 124 sulfur oxides linkage, 119-120 consumption commercial heating, 38 electric utilities, 38, 40 oven coke production, 38 railroads, 38, 40 residential heating, 38 United States, 40 coastal bays DOT toxicity, 115 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 coastal environments heavy metals, 131 pollutants, 132 coastal sediments, nitratre reduction, 26 Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... 241 cobalt in sediments, 161 soil accumulation' 99 trace metals, 28 cobalt-60 particulate matter absorption, 93 Coho salmon, PCB concentrations, 107 cold extremes stresses, 130 Collembola, 179 combustion processes, 132 condensed hydrocarbons, atmospheric visibility, 14 copper, 4 forests, 173 freshwater fish, 107 in sediments, 161 in Sudbury soils, 108 in Swedish rains, 173 organism exposure, 113 Pimephales promelas, 114 rainbow trout exposure, 113 soil accumulation, 99 toxicity, 111, 114 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 58 corals, sedimentary record, 132 corixids, 167 corrosion, air pollution, 20 crabs DOT toxicity, 115 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 crayfish Astacus astacus, 161, 164 Orconectes virilis, 161, 164 crops acid rain, 167 field-grown, 169 greenhouse, 168 crustaceans, 128, 161 calcium concentrations, 111 Daphnia, 164 hydrogen ions sensitivity, 111 larvae, 101 pH tolerances, 163 planktonic, 164 pollutant ingestion, 94 cyanophytes, 161 cycle linkages, air pollution, 131 cyclic monoterpenes, photooxidation, 66, 67 cyclic olefins, 66 � . cypr~n~c Rutilus rutilus, 164 dairy cattle manure production 24 Daphnia magna, 164 Daphnia middendorfiana, 164 DDE in marine ecosystem, 117 DOT Africa, transport, 59 biological effects, 115 blood-brain barrier effects, 114 deposition flux, 70 in atmosphere, 14 in fish, 94-95 insecticide, 115 marine ecosystem, 117 membrane barrier, 114 myelin, 114 predatory birds, 103 sediment concentration, 94 decomposition of soil, 179 deep ocean, inert substances accumulation, 93 denitrification, 22 acidification, 176 anaerobiosis, 23 anoxic hypolimnia, 25 atmosphere, 176 inorganic nitrogen, 23 so~l, 179 soil acidification, 100 suppression, 100 denitrification rates - soil pH correlation, 178 Denmark, aguatic ecosystems degradation, 3 deposition, 66-70, 126 atmospheric-resistance controlled, 74 atmospheric transport, 85 dry processes, 66-70, 72 lead, 82 measurement, 70 particles, 73 Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... 242 plants, 73 rate, 70 surface-resistance controlled, 74 trees, 71 turbulent transfer, 72 wet processes, 66-70 zinc, 82 desert regions, sulfur dioxide from smelters, 130 Desulfovibrio aquatic ecosystems, 27 detergents anionic, 113 cadmium, 113 mercury, 113 nonionic, 113 dew, 66-70 � ~ d~am~ne microbial activity, 24 diatoms, 161 heavy metal toxicity, 111 silicon concentration, 101 diesel, 54 fuel soot particles, 131 vehicles, 56 diethyl disulfide, 26 diffusion, 59-60 dimethyl disulfide, 26, 98, 99 dimethyl mercury sediments, 160 dimethyl sulfide, 26, 27, 99 dimethyl sulfoxide, 27 dimethylselenide, 29 drainage basin, 100 drinking water quality, 100 droughts, 2 stresses, 130 dytiscid beetles, 167 Earth Research Technology Satellite, 60-61 earthworms, 94 ecological reserves, 136 ecological toxicity, 59 acid rain, 181 ecology, 8 biota, 101 (see also ecosystem entries) ecosystems acidification, 149, 179-180 aerosol entry, 88 antbropogenic, 121-128, 143 aquatic, 149 atmospheric pollutants, 130 biogeocbemistry, 179 biological nitrogen fixation, 22 biotic effects, 143 climatic effects, 143 diverse interactions, 120 educational programs needed, 8 forests, 170 fossil fuel combustion, 104 freshwater, 149 geologic effects, 143 identification, 7 linked emissions, 120 long-term studies, 136 natural, episodic effects, 143 pathways, 126 research techniques needed, 8 stress responses, 129 taxonomy, 136 topographic conditions, 143 ecotoxicology, long-term, 7 eel, PCB concentrations, 107 electric utilities coal consumers, 38 coal use, 40 sulfur oxide emissions, 41, 43 elements, biointermediate and biologically inert, 103 emissions, 126 anthropogenic, 41 control technology, 36 energy-related, 36-38 flux, 38 global atmosphere, 49 hydrogen sulfide, 26 natural, 41 nitrogen oxide, 3, 41 sulfur, 3 trace metals, 47 volatile oxides, 53 Enchytraeidae, 179 endothermic reactions, 63 Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... esters transformations, 65, 96 estuarine environments, 131-132 ethane, 28 ethyl mercaptan, 26 ethyl methyl sulfide, 26 ethylamine, microbial activity, 24 ethylene aquatic ecosystems, 97 plant hormone, 90 soils interaction, 97 Europe acid rain, 121 anticyclonic conditions, 60 fossil fuel combustion, 56 fossil fuel consumption, 36 eutrophic lakes denitrification, 25 exothermic chemistry, 63 Experimental Lakes area, Ontario acid rain, 154 ~ r Fagus sylvatica, 173 fairy shrimp Brachinecta Paludosa. 164 fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, 164 fauna, 131 Fayetteville, Arizona nuclear fallout, 59 feather moss Hyloconium splendens, 128 fine particulate pollutants, atmospheric visibility, 14 fir trees exudates, 28 fire stresses, 130 fish, 94 acid rain, 99-100, 131 aluminum toxicity, 164 chlorinated hydrocarbons accumulations, 125 DOT toxicity, 115 egg Matchability, 165 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 in acidified lakes, 164 kills, 164 lead content effects, 107 life cycle, 164 mercury accumulation, 125, 131 mercury bioaccumulation, 113-114 mercury concentrations, 4, 107 mortality, 99 occurrence, 166 pH values, 164 populations, 164 selenium concentration, 113-114 toxic metals resistance, 114 floating aquatic plants Lemna valdiviana, 111 Salvinia natans, 111 fluorine, atmospheric hydrocarbons, 130 fluxes aquatic ecosystems, 94 natural, 122 fog, 66-70 foliar lesions, nitrogen thresholds, 106 food chains, 128 biomagnification, 125 leaf litter, 131 Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... fossil fuel acid rain, 140 anthropogenic pollution, 1 biosphere, 2 coal use, 36 combustion, 35, 51 consumption, 50 energy consumption, 36 geographical distribution, 38 oil and gas use, 36 primary, 36 U.S. coal reserves, 38 use, 36, 38 fossil fuel combustion acid rain, 140 anthropogenic source of nitrogen oxides, 47 a tmospheric emissions, 38-56 ecosystems, 104 Europe, 56 heavy metals, 132 Japan, 56 nitrogen oxides, 47 nonmethane hydrocarbons, 54 North America, 56 trace metals, 56 United States, 47 fossil fuel consumption China, 38 Europe, 36 global patterns, 36 fresh marshes, sulfate reduction, 27 fresh water acidification, 100 algae, 111 anoxic hypolimnia, 27 ecosystems, 131 effects, 3 fish, copper content, 107 heavy metal toxicity, 111 hydrogen ion, 108 nitrogen fixation, 25 organisms mercury uptake, 113-114 plants, 27 selenium content, 113-114 streams acidification, 121 sulfate reduction, 27 trace metals concentrations, 107 frustules fuel fumigation silicon concentration, 101 combustion, sulfur dioxide, 41 consumption data, 36 noncommercial, 54 fulvic acid stability reduction, 176 sulfur dioxide, 19 vegetation, 122 white pine needles damage, 105 fungal mycelium, forest soils, 179 fungi, plant pathogens, 94 gallium, 28 gametophyte, fertilization, 167 GaTmnarus lacustris, 128 gas-phase reactions, products t 65-66 gaseous ammonia (see ammonia) Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... gasoline-alcohol fuels, 54 geochemistry, 84 Germany chemistry of air and rain, 15 forests, 173 germination light dependence of sulfur dioxide damage, 105 phytoplankton, 104 gibbsite, acid rain, 172 glaciers sedimentary record, 132 global atmosphere budgets, trace gas, 30 carbon dioxide, 13 emissions, 49 nitrogen oxides emissions, 47 global budgets, organic compounds, 65 global energy market, 36, 37 global fixation, molecular nitrogen, 22 global interactions biogeochemical reservoirs, 123 pollutant-sensitive lichens elimination, 115 rain composition, 16 rain, air chemistry, 15 Great Lakes DOT content in fish, 94-9S heavy metals, 111 PCB concentrations, 107 PCB content in fish, 94-95 sediment cores, 95 white sucker, 119 green algae, 111 Green Bay nitrogen input, 25 greenhouse effect, plant productivity, 120 Greenland ice sheets, 2 Greenland glaciers cadmium, 136 lead, 136 mercury, 136 sulfate, 136 sulfate concentrations, 141 ground water acidification, 121 aluminum concentrations, 157 manganese concentrations, 157 growth Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... 246 haloalkanes, atmospheric life, 65 health hazards air pollution, 20 particulate organic carbon fluxes, 56 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 56 heavy metals acidified soils, 179 algae, 113 cement production, 132 coastal environments, 131 diatoms, 111 fossil fuel combustion, 132 Great Lakes, 111 organic pollutants, 101 smelting, 132 solubility, 108 hematopoetic necrosis, 113 herring gulls, PCB concentrations, 107 heterogeneous processes in atmosphere, 66 heterotrophs, 101 beterotrophic microorganisms, 111 horticultural crops cadmium toxicity, 108 nickel toxicity, 108 ozone toxicity, 108 Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, 154 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 181 Hudson Bay, spagnum bogs, 180-181 human health air pollution, 20 ice cover gaseous oxides, 3 human skin cancers ultraviolet radiation, 14 humic acids lead adsorption, 120 humus (see soil) hydrocarbons aromatic, 66 chlorinated, 107 emissions photooxidation, 66 fish, 115 nitrogen oxide, 105 nonmethane, 54 hydrocarbons emissions atmosphere, 32 hydrochloric acid plant surface entry, 88 hydrogen, atmospheric source, 66 hydrogen ions acid rain, 170 atmospheric sulfur dioxide transformation, 147-149 brook trout, 104 fresh waters, 108 from precipitation, 100 lake input, 100 receptor ecosystems, 124 soil toxicity, 179 toxicity, 131, 164 hydrogen peroxide, 66 hydrogen sulfide, 63, 99 disequilibrium, 62 emissions, 26 in atmosphere, oxidation, 62 removal, 98 soil, 98 hydrometeor, 72 hydrosphere 70 interfaces, 122 resorb and recycle materials, 93 hydrous oxides Volubility, 172 hydroxynitrocresols, 68-69 hygroscopicity, 57, 72 Hyloconium splendens hypolimnion-sediments reaction, 93 gas exchange barrier, 91 lakes, 91 methane entrapment, 91 ice sheets, 2 igneous rocks crystalline, 129 indicators, 128 individual organisms, pollutants, 101-117 indole, microbial activity, 24 Indonesian lakes, 152 industry lead emissions, 4 Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... 247 sulfur dioxide emissions, 41 inorganic pollutants concentrations, 60 insect larvae in acidified lake sediments, 167 insecticides, 115 insects, metals concentration, 103 interstitial waters, acid lake deposition, 180 invertebrates pollutant ingestion, 94 Ireland, chemistry of air and lake rain, 15 iron hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in sediments, 161 oxides mobilization, 176 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 iron-59 particulate matter absorption, 93 isopleths, precipitation pH, 81 isoprene from terrestrial vegetation, 32 olefin, 66 photooxidation, 67 James Bay Japan spagnum bogs, 180-181 fossil fuel burning, 56 fossil fuel consumption, 38 lakes, 152 keolinite acid rain, 172 ketones, 65 La Cloche lakes, fish species, 164 lacustrine molluscs, 161 Lake Erie, algal fixation, 25 Lake Michigan atmosphere, 133 cadmium concentrations, 5 cadmium content, 4 cadmium toxicity, 107 charcoal, 134 mercury content, 103 metal concentrations, 133, 135 sediments, 132 time horizons, 132-133 zinc content, 4, 107 Lake Ontario sucker fish, 119 sediments calcium release, 100 methane generation, 32 pollutants accumulation, 93 waters bacteria, 96 calcium enrichment, 179 copper, 111 nickel, 111 seasonal changes of pH, 92 acid rain, 121 acidification, 95, 100, 164, 167 acidity, 102, 147, 149, 161 algae, 161 alkalinity, 107 aluminum chemistry, 153, 156-157 benthic mats, 161 buffered, 100, 107 cadmium, 157 calcium concentration, 100 catchment basin runoff, 100 chemical changes, 152 chemical pollution, 3 DOT toxicity, 115 fish population destruction, 121 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 ice cover, 91 Indonesia, 152 ionic composition, 153 ionic ratios, 153 iron content, 27 Japan, 152 lead, 157 magnesium, 100 manganese, 157 metal concentrations, 153, 159 nickel, 157 Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... 248 North America, 147 Norway, 100 Ontario, 152, 161 orthophosphates, 158 oxidation rate, 96 pH decline, 100, 152 pH of precipitation, 152 pH values, 156 phosphorus, 94, 158 phosphorus precipitate, 157 phytoplankton, 161 sedimentary record, 132 sediments, 100, 167 sulfates, 99 silica content in Sweden, 161 Sweden, 156, 161 thermocline region, 25 trout abnormalities, 164 watersheds, 100 zinc, 157 land oil spills stresses, 130 lanthanum trace metals, 28 Laurentian Great Lakes, 25 leaching acid rain, 179 acidity effect, 177 aluminum, 173 weathering, 173 lead, 103, 111, 120, 173 acidification, 176 bone deposits, 124 calcerous shell deposits, 124 concentrations in fishes, 3 deposition, 82 excluded in vertebrates, 103 forests, 173 Greenland glaciers, 136 in fish, 107 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 metals flux, 50 methylation, 94 neurological damage to fish, 107 streams, 157 toxicity, 111, 113 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 leaves food chain, 131 moisture layer, 88 surfaces pollutants, 115 Leeds, England, acid rain, 17 legumes, fixation, 176 Lemna valdiviana, 111 leopard frog, population decline, 119 Lepidurus arcticus, 161, 164 lichens air pollution, 20 atmospheric pollutants, 130 Cladonia, 128 effects on moth life, 115 radioactive fallout accumulation, 129 stresses, 130 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 sulfur dioxide pollution, 129 urban areas, 128 life cycle calcium concentrations, 164 fish, 164 organism, 129 liming, 182 lipid Volubility, 128 liquefaction, 54, 56 lithium trace metals, 28 lithosphere interfaces, 122 litter decomposition, inhibition, 95 Little Moose Lake, Adirondacks, New York seasonal changes of pH, 92 livestock poisoning with arsenic, 18 long-wave radiation, heat loss, 60 Los Angeles, California manufacturing plant wastes, 117 photochemical smog, 15 lower troposphere, 59 magnesium in Swedish lakes, 155 Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... 249 lakes, 100 leaching, 173 mobilization, 167 trace metals, 28 Maine acidification history, 95 mercury concentrations, 4 mammals, selenium concentration, 113-114 man-made materials ecological effects, 127 Manchester, England air pollution, 20 lichens decline, 20 manganese forests, 173 ground water, 157 hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 oxides mobilization, 176 streams, 157 toxic concentrations, 167 trace metals, 28 manufacturing plants, wastes, 117 MAP3S (see Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study) marine deposits, sedimentary record, 132 marine ecosystem, 117, 132 marine environment, 113-114 marine plants, dimethyl sulfide production, 27 marine sediments, nitrate reduction, 26 marine waters, sulfate reduction, 27 marshes, iron content, 27 mass transfers, deposition process, 66-70 Massachusetts peatland, 180 Spagnum, 180 MELIMEX study, Switzerland, 111 mercaptans, 65 mercury aquatic food chain, 103, 113-114 anthropogenic, 49 biological cycle, 31 concentrations in fishes, 3 deposition flux, 70 detergents mixture, 113 dimethyl, 160 fish, 131 fossil fuel mobilization, 50 Greenland glaciers, 136 in atmosphere, 77, 107 in fish, 104, 107 Lake Michigan, 103 metals flux, 50 methylated, 20, 120, 157 methylation, 94, 103 monomethyl, 160 natural sources, 50 organism exposure, 113 plant surface entry, 88 residence time, 77 sediments, 131 soil, 131 toxicity, 104, 113-114 mercury emissions, 124 acid rain, 157 anthropogenic, 47 metal concentrations in Lake Michigan, 135 metal smelters, sulfur dioxide damage, 18 metal-gas interactions, 108 metalimnion, thermal stratification, 96 metallic mercury, 120 metallic sulfides, anaerobic environments, 120 metallic toxicants, 124 metallothionein, synthesis in aquatic organisms, 113, 114 metals antimony, flux, 50 atmosphere, 78 deposition profiles, 133 in atmosphere above Lake Michigan, 133 lakes, 159 methylated, 103 residence times, 78 Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 250 toxic concentrations, 113 meteorology, pollutant mixing, 60 methane, 28, 32, 63 atmosphere, 64 biogenesis by microorganisms, 64 diffusion, 96 flux, 64 oxidation, 64, 96 synthesis, 64 methyl mercaptan, 26, 98 methylated metals, lipid affinity, 94 methylmercury, 28 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 97 microbes, biological consequences, 126 microbial degradation, pesticides, 179 microbial denitrification, acidification, 161 microorganisms, 23 arsenic derivatives conversion, 29-30 axenic cultures, 29 elements removal in soils, 99 gas production, 22 heterotrophic, 22 mercury methylation, 103 selenium methylation, 103 soil ecosystem, 22 sulfate-reducing, 62 microscopic autotrophs algae, 101 midge larvae, 94 mineral-volcanic acidity relationships, 152 mineralization, nutrient loss, 174 minerals acidification, 151 alumina silicate, 1 72 Minnesota minnow leopard frog population decline, 119 mercury concentrations, 4 sphagnum bogs, 180-181 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 Phoxinus phoxinus, 164 Mississippi River, sulfur oxides emissions, 41 mist, 66-70 mites, 94, 179 molecular nitrogen, global fixation, 22 mollusks calcium requirements, 101 calcium uptake, 103 lead uptake, 103 pH tolerances, 163 radium uptake, 103 strontium uptake, 103 molybdenum trace metals, 28 molybdenum-nitrogen fixation in legumes, 179 monitoring schemes, sensitive early indicators, 128 monoamine microbial activity, 24 monovalent chlorides, 172 mosses atmospheric pollutants, 130 radioactive fallout accumulation, 129 moths, effects of lichens on growth, 115 Mou~eotia, 161 mud minnow Pimephales promelas, 129 mud-water interface, 111 Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study, 85 mutagens atmosphere, 121 compounds, 131 micropollutants, 4 mycorrhizal fungi, pollutant ingestion, 94 mylin, 114 Mysis relicts, water pH effects, 128 e-butane paraffin, 66 photooxidation, 67 National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) , 81, 85, 150 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 8 Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... 251 National Center for Ecology and Environmental Science possible organization, 8 National Materials Accounting System, proposed, 84 natural biomass burning, atmospheric emissions, 30-32 natural lead emissions, 4 Netherlands aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 neuston, 101, 181 neuston dwellers, 131 neutral salts, synergistic influence, 172 New Brunswick mercury concentrations, 4 New York mercury concentrations, 4 nickel acidification, 176 forests, 173 horticultural crops, 108 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 soil accumulation, 99 streams, 157 synergistic interactions, 100 toxicity, 111 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 nitrate esters, 65 nitrates, 22 acid rain, 100 Adirondack Mountains, New York, 100 algae, 91 aquatic plants, 91 gaseous ammonia, 120 nitric acid, 66 acid rain, 47 air sorption, 98 vitrification acidification, 161 ammonia, 149 soil, 179 nitrites, 22 nitrogen algae-beavy metals effects, 113 aquatic ecosystems, 25 diffusion, 96 fixation, fresh water, 25 foliar lesions, 106 forests, 167, 170-171 impediments, 91 in acid rain, 17 plant surface entry, 88 plants, 103 receptor ecosystems, 124 soil interaction, 98 transfer, 91 nitrogen compounds anthropogenic sources, 142 dry deposition, 76 nitrogen cycle, acid rain, 170 nitrogen dioxide concentration in plants, 106 removal, 98 nitrogen heterocycles, 96 soils, 24 nitrogen monoxide plants reaction, 88 nitrogen oxide acid rain, 130 anthropogenic release, 120-121 atmospheric pollutants, 120 emissions, 3, 41, 147 fossil fuel combustion, 47 gaseous pollutants, 56 hydrocarbons, 105 industrial emissions, 142 regional acid rain problems, 147 toxicity, 105 United States, 44 vegetation, 105 nitrogen oxide emissions Boston-Washington corridor, 41 national, 41 Ohio River Valley, 41 United States, 45, 48 nitrogen-containing compounds atmospheric residence time, 65 nitrogenous compounds, studies, 12 nitrous oxide, 22 microbial reduction, 23 removal, 98 Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... 252 noncommercial fuel, particulate organic carbon fluxes, 56 Nor tb America acid rain, 121 acidification, 153 anticyclonic conditions, 60 atmospheric sulfur budget, 42 calcium concentrations, 154 fossil fuel combustion, 56 fossil fuel consumption, 38 lakes, 147 Norway pH levels, 154 precipitation pH, 107 spagnum bogs, 180-181 taxonomic work, 136 Northern Hemisphere, 56 ammonia emissions, 24 fossil fuel consumption, 38 acidification history, 95 aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 forest acidification, 100-101 lakes, 100 mercury concentrations in fish, 1S7 pH decline in lakes, 152 sulfates in lakes, 99 watersheds, 147 nuclear device detonation in China, 59 nutrients limiting, 124 plants, 101 receptor ecosystems, 124 octanol-water partition coefficient, 124 Ohio River Valley, 41 oil combustion processes, 132 fossil fuel, 36 spills, 1 01 olefins, isoprene, 65-66 oligochaete worms, 179 oliogotrophication, 157 Ontario, Canada lakes, 152, 161 mercury concentrations, 4 nutrients addition, 182 pH of precipitation, 152 plumes observation, 60 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 Ontario Ministry of Environment, 152, 182 Orconectes virilis, 161, 164 organic atmospheric pollutants, biodegradability, 96 organic carbon, 34, 54 organic compounds, 64-66 anthropogenic emissions, 54 atmospheric life, 65, 96 deposition flux, 70 emissions, 32 gaseous pollutants, 56 global budgets, 65 microbial transformation, 96 transformations, 96 (see also gaseous organics) organic decomposition, gaseous ammonia, 84 organic nitrogen compounds in soils, 24 organic particles, oxidation, 66 organic particulates, natural emissions, 32 organic pollutants atmosphere, 57 heavy metals, 101 lipid-soluble, 131 organisms PCBs, 59 vapor-phase, 57 organic selenium compounds, metabolism, 29 organism accumulator, 129 embryonic development, 129 life cycle, 129 sensitivity, 129 acidification, 161 biological changes, 161 deposited substances toxicity, 104-108 fat deposits, 124 growth, 101 long-term studies, 136 organochlorines atmosphere, 59 Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... papillomas, 119 paraffins, e-butane, 65, 66 particles atmosphere, 72 condensation nuclei, 70 deposition, 73 gravitational sedimentation, 70 size, 72 surface characteristics, 72 particulate dusts and soil, 84 particulate emissions controls, 142 particulate organic carbon (POC) anthropogenic sources, 55 global emissions, 55 particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons heterogeneous reactions, 66 particulate polycyclic compounds carcinogenic properties, 54 mutagenic, 54 Pasadena, California acid rain, 19 pearl dace Semotilus margarita, 167 peas NO2 effects, 110 Pisum sativum, 108' 110 pollutants interactions, 108 sulfur dioxide effects, 110 pelagic biota, 94 pelagic fish eggs, 101 pelagic vertebrates, 103 Pennines, British Isles, bogs, 180 periphyton chrysophyceans elimination, 161 diatoms elimination, 161 metals concentration, 103 peroxyacetyluitrate (PAN) Read the entire page →
From page 254... ... podzol acid, 172 pollination, 115 pollutants accumulation, 93 aquatic ecosystems, 94 atmosphere, 36 atmospheric effects, 123 atmospheric residence times, 59 bioconcentrated, 101 bioexcluded, 101 biological effects, 115 biological responses, 104 biosphere, 108 chemical characteristics, 77 cloud, 77 coal-smoke, 115 coastal environments, 132 dispersion, 58 Read the entire page →
From page 255... ... polybrominated biphenyls sediment concentration, 94 polychlorinated biphenyls dispersal, 107 in fish, 94-95 sediment concentration, 94 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) , 120 health effects, 54 health hazard, 56 particulate emissions, 56 transformations, 96 polynuclear aromatic compounds, sediment concentration, 94 polyvalent metals, acid rain, 176 potassium leaching, 173 nutrient elements, 120 power plants emissions, 3 radionuclides, 117 tall stacks, 146 precipitation acid rain, 3 ammonia content, 24 hydrochloric acid, 18 lead deposition, 82 metals concentrations, 83 pH, 81 pH in rain, 18 pH values, 140 phosphorus, 161 pollutants, 59 regimes, 100 scavenging, 72 strong acids addition, 172 sulfate deposition, 4 sulfuric acid supply, 153 urban, 18 zinc deposition (see also acid precipitation; rain) Read the entire page →
From page 256... ... sedimentary microorganisms, 120 sedimentary sinks, 120 sediments aluminum content, 161 anoxic, 132 DOT concentration, 94 dimethyl mercury, 160 in fish, 94-95 Lake Michigan, 132 lakes, 100, 167 littoral, 161 mercury, 131 methylated mercury contents, 28 Mougeotia, 161 organic, 160 pH decrease, 100 pollutants, 94 saprophytic organisms, 94 seed germination arrested, 17 seed pods reduction, 167 seed production, sulfur dioxide damage, 105 selenium, 4 amelioration, 113 atmosphere, 29 enhanced concentrations, 113-114 Read the entire page →
From page 257... ... 257 methylation, 94, 103 organism exposure, 113 plant surface entry, 88 toxic effects, 104 selenium-mercury interaction, 113-114, 124 selenoproteins, 113 Semotilus margarita, 167 sensitive roach Rutilus rutilus, 164 shale oil, 54 sheep, ammonia in urine, 24 shells metabolization, 103 Sierra Nevada, California, acid rain r 154 silica in Swedish lakes, 161 silicon, 101, 162 silver metals flux, 50 organism exposure, 113 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 skatole, microbial activity, 24 skin tumors (see papillomas) smelters fumigations, 173 lake contamination, 111 metal, 120, 122 nitrogen oxides linkage, 119-120 particles emission, 57 plant populations, 131 Sudbury, 111 sulfur dioxide emissions, 130 sulfur oxides linkage, 119-120 Sweden, 18 smelting heavy metals, 132 smokestacks air pollution, 20 sodium, trace metals, 28 soil, 129 accumulation, 93-95 acid input response, 101 acidity, 170, 172 acid rain, 170, 173 acidification, 120, 172, 176, 179 adsorbed sulfates, 175 aluminum buffering, 100 amines, 24 ammonia loss, 23, 24 ammonification, 179 arsenicals treated, 30 bacteria, 96 brown forest, 172 calcareous, 100, 170 carbon disulfide removal, 98-99 carbonyl sulfide removal, 98-99 clay minerals, 99 decomposition, 179 denitrification, 179 dimethyl disulfide removal, 98-99 dimethyl sulfide removal, 99 erosion, 122 fertility, 172 forest, bacteria, 179 humic acids, 176 humus layer, 131 hydrogen sulfide emissions, 26 hydrogen sulfide removal, 98, 99 manganese concentrations, 170 mercury, 131 mercury content, 28 metal output, 170 methyl mercaptan removal, 98-99 microbial action, 24 microbial processes, 176 mineral, 176 neutral, 170 nitric oxide production, 23 vitrification, 179 nitrous oxide production, 23 nitrogen fixation reduction, 176 nitrogen heterocycles, 24 noncalcareous, 172 organic nitrogen compounds, 24 particulate dusts, 84 pH decline, 172 Read the entire page →
From page 258... ... pores, aerosol entry, 88 stratosphere aerosol formation, 41 photochemical reactions, 41 stratospheric ozone layer depletion, 14 streams cadmium, 157 DOT toxicity, 115 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 lead, 157 manganese, 157 nickel, 157 zinc, 157 a- stresses bryophytes, 130 cold extremes, 130 drought, 130 fire, 130 gamma radiation, 130 land oil spills, 130 lichens, 130 sulfur dioxide, 130 temperate forests, 130-131 tropical forests, 130-131 vegetative reproduction, 130 wind exposure, 130 strontium, 103 bone deposits, 124 cancerous shell deposits, 124 mollusks, 103 trace metals, 28 structure, ecological effects, 126 sucker fish Lake Ontario, 119 lip cancer, 119 Sudbury, Ontario, 173 acid rain, 154 copper, 108 lake contamination, 111 soil, 108 Read the entire page →
From page 259... ... surface film aquatic ecosystems, 101 atmospheric deposition, 101 oil spills, 101 toxic organic molecules, 101 surface soils pollutants accumulation, 94 surface water aluminum, 124 thermal stratification, 88 Sweden alkaline content of lakes, 155 aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 calcium content of lakes, 155 chromium, 173 humus layers, 173 hydrogen ions in rivers, 136 lakes, 156, 161 lead loading assessments, 128 magnesium content of lakes, 155 mercury concentrations, 4 mercury concentrations in fish, 157 metals in lakes, 159 rain, 173 silica content in lakes, 161 silicon concentration in lakes, 162 smelters, 18 soil, 173 spruce forests, 173 Read the entire page →
From page 260... ... 260 Switzerland MELIMEX study, 111 synergisms, 108 atmospheric pollutants, 124 talc, 14 tall stacks, power plants, 146 tar in acid rain, 17 tar sand exploitation, 54 taxonomy, ecosystem, 136 temperate forests stresses, 130-131 teratogens atmosphere, 121 micropollutants, terpenes, 65 from terrestrial vegetation, 32 production, 15 terrestrial ecosystems accumulation, 87 acid rain, 19, 105, 129-130 acidification transfers, 100 atmospheric contaminants, 87 atmospheric deposition, 99-100, 131 atmospheric gases accessibility, 87 buffering, 100 calcium losses, 100 gaseous pollutants, 104-106 litter decomposition, 95 nitrogen content, 22 pollutants, 87 pollutants interactions, 108 precipitation pa, 100 resorb and recycle materials, 93 sulfate output, 100 sulfur, 26 transfers, 99-100 vegetation, 167-181 terrestrial plants, trace metals, 28 terrestrial reactions, 22 terrestrial soils aluminum leaching, 99-100 deposits, 99 iron concentrations, 27 terrestrial vegetation antagonisms, 108 pollutant interaction effects, 108 synergisms, 108 Texas, sulfur oxides emissions, 41 thallium, metals flux, 50 thermal stratification gas exchange barrier, 91 metalimnion, 96 surface waters, 88 thermocline, 91 tin metals flux, 50 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 titanium, trace metals, 28 tobacco cultivars, pollutants interactions, 108 Tokyo, Japan, nuclear fallout, 59 toluene aromatic hydrocarbon, 66 photooxidation, 67 toxic elements, bioexcluded, 103 toxic heavy metals fallout in atmosphere, 121 toxic metals interactions, 111 resistance, 114 toxic organic molecules surface film, 101 toxic substances atmosphere, 77 background concentrations, 124 biological residence time, 103 in animals, 104 toxicants micropollutants, 4 receptor ecosystems, 124 toxicology education, 8 trace elements transformations, 35 trace metals, 130 animals, 104 anthropogenic emissions, 52 antimony, 28 arsenic, 28 atmospheric emissions, 50 Read the entire page →
From page 261... ... of the Interior, 8 deposition studies, 85 ecosystem acidification, 149 environmental quality erosion, 136 fossil fuel combustion, 47 Geological Survey, 8 lead deposition by precipitation, 82 mercury concentrations in fish, 157 Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... 262 National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 24 nitrogen oxide emissions, 45, 48 nitrogen oxides, 44 nonmethane hydrocarbons, 54 precipitation pH, 81 Southwestern plants-smelters effects, 131 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 sulfur oxide emissions, 43, 44 zinc deposition by precipitation, 82 urban areas air quality, 54 bryophytes, 128 gaseous reactive hydrocarbons, 54 lichens, 128 vanadium, 173 acidification, 176 forests, 173 in Swedish rain, 173 trace metals, 28 vaporization, trace metals, 50 vegetation, 179 air pollution, 20 fumigation, 122 hydrocarbon photooxidation, 66 isoprene emission, 32 nitrogen oxides, 105 sulfur dioxide damage, 18 sulfur dioxide pollutants, 105 sulfur dioxide pollutants effects, 109 terpene emission, 32 terrestrial ecosystems, 167-181 volatile products generation, 32 vegetative reproduction, stresses 130 vehicle exhaust, 47, 119-120 vertebrates calcium requirements, 101 calcium uptake, 103 lead exclusion, 103 lead uptake, 103 radium uptake, 103 strontium uptake, 103 vertical wind shear pollutants, 59 Vesuvius, 18 viral diseases, copper exposure effects, 113 viscous boundary layer atmospheric resistance, 74 diffusion, 70 diffusive transport, 70 volatile dimethyl mercury, 120 volatile organic compounds, plant reaction, 88 volatile oxides emissions, 53 volatile products heavy metals, 32 nitrogen, 32 sulfur, 32 volatile sulfides, anaerobic habitats, 120 volatile sulfur compounds, 26 wallpaper arsenic content, 29 water calcium concentration, 100 pollutants interaction, 108 transformations, 95-99 water organisms arsenic concentrations, 103 biointermediate elements, 103 phosphorous concentrations, 103 water quality criteria, 111 water surface film aerosols, 88-91 atmospheric contaminants, 88 organic micropollutants, 88 trace metals content, 88-91 water surfaces, volatile products generation, 32 watersheds, 99 acid rain, 129 lakes, 100 Norway, 147 weathering. bydrogen-ion saturation, 172 inorganic soil calloids, 172 Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... 263 iron reduction, 176 leaching, 173 nutrient loss, 174 organic acids, 176 polypbenols, 176 weathering processes elements mobilization, 51 geocbemical, 147 wetlands resorb and recycle materials, 93 transitional ecosystems, 101 white pines fumigation damage, 105 Pinus strobus, 105 white sucker Catastomas commersoni, 119 . Great Lakes, 119 whole watersheds long-term studies, 136 wind exposure, stresses, 130 wind shear, horizontal spreading of pollutants, 59 Windscale, England nuclear processing plant, 117 radionuclides, 117 wood woodlands as a fuel, 30 combustion pollution, 33 combustion processes, 132 resorb and recycle materials, 93 gamma radiation, 130 sulfur dioxide, 130 World Bank fossil fuel use data, 38 World Health Organization, 20 yttrium trace metals, 28 zinc, 103, 173 acidification, 176 aquatic food chain, 103 concentrations in fishes, 3 deposition, 82 forests, 173 hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 Lake Michigan, 4, 107 lakes, 157 metals flux, 50 mobilization rate, 28 organism exposure, 113 Pimenbales uromelas, 114 , streams, 157 toxic concentrations, 107 toxic elements, 120 toxicity, 111, 114 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 � ~ zirconium trace metals, 28 zooplank ton cadmium toxicity, 4 filter-feeding, 131 metals concentration, 103 soot particles, 131 toxic metals resistance, 114 zinc toxicity, 4 Zygnema, 161 Zygogonium, 161 Read the entire page →

From page 233...

... acid rain (see acid precipitation) acid soil (see soil)

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From page 234...

... air pollution acid rain, 1 5 coal combustion, 20 corrosion, 20 cycle linkages, 131 health effects, 20 human health, 20 international transboundary, 19 lichens, 20 Manchester, England, 20 smokestacks, 20 vegetation, 20 (see also pollutants; pollution) air quality environmental effects, 30 gaseous reactive hydrocarbons, 54 urban areas, 54 wood burning effects, 30 air-sea interface, mercury, 28 air-water interface, 101, 131 aquatic ecosystems, 87 alcohols, 65 aldehydes, 65 diesel vehicle exhaust, 56 gasoline-alcohol fuels, 56 alfisols, 172 algae, 101, 161 ammonium, 91 carbon dioxide, 91 green, 113 heavy metals, 113 nitrate, 91 sulfate content, 91, 111 Zygnema, 161 Zygogonium, 161 algal fixation in Lake Erie, 25 aliphatics, 96 alkanes transformations, 96 alkylamines, microbial activity, 24

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From page 235...

... 235 aluminum, 157 acid rain, 172 amorphous hydroxide, 172 concentrations, 124 hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in fish, 164 in sediments, 161 leaching, 173 oxides mobilization, 176 poisoning of brook trout, 103-104 surface water, 124 toxic concentrations, 167 toxicity, 111, 120 amelioration, 181-182 amines, 65 formation, 24 soils, 24 ammonia animal manure, 24 atmosphere, 24 concentrations isopleths, 150 deposition flux, 70 gaseous ammonia, 84, 120 mean annual concentrations in precipitation, 150 microbial action, 24 microbial oxidation, 23 Vitrification, 149 sheep urine, 24 ammonia carbonate, 15 ammonification acidification, 161 soil, 179 ammonium, in algae and aquatic plants, 91 ammonium sulfate aerosols, 120 amoebae, 101 amorphous aluminum hydroxide acid rain, 172 Anacapa Island, California brown pelican populations, 117 anaerobic environments metallic sulfides, 120 anaerobic habitats volatile sulfides, 120 � ~ anaeroblosls denitrification, 23 animal manure ammonia, 24 decomposition, 26 animal phyla protein, 114 animals biological consequences, 126 cadmium-lead synergism, 111 gaseous emissions effects, 105 metals synergism effects, 111 teratogenicity, 111 toxic substance deposition, 104 trace metals content, 104 anoxic environments recycling, 93 anoxic hypolimnia, denitrification, 25 anoxic sediments, 132 antagonisms, atmospheric pollutants, 108, 124 Antarctic, ice sheets, 2 anthropogenic emissions, 91 agricultural burning, 54 atmospheric nitrous hydrocarbons, 124 atmospheric nitrous oxides, 124 fossil fuels pollution, 1 gaseous organics, 54 global, 47, 54 nitrogen oxides, 47 organic carbon particles, 54 organic compounds, 54 particulate organic carbon, 54 anticyclonic conditions Europe, 60 North America, 60 antimony metals flux, 50 trace metals, 28 APEX (see Atmospheric Precipitation Experiment) aquatic ecosystems, 108-114 accumulation, 88-93 acidification, 164 acid rain, 19, 107-108, 129 air-water interface, 87 ammonia content, 93-94

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From page 236...

... atmosphere aquatic sediments accumulation, 93-95 historical records, 95 long-term sinks, 93 aquatic systems mercury content, 28 aqueous solubility, 124 aqueous-lipid partitioning, 124 Arctic icecap chemical deposition, 136 arctic lake, methane discharge, 91 aromatic hydrocarbon, 66 aromatic molecules transformations, 96 aromatics' 65 arsenic, 4, 103 biological cycle, 31 livestock poisoning, 18 metals flux, 50 plant surface entry, 88 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 Asellus aquaticus low-water hardness tolerance, 112 ash in acid rain, 17 Astacus astacus, 161, 164 Atlantic Ocean carbonyl sulfide in air, 27 eolian transport, 15 above Lake Michigan, 133 ammonia, 24 ammonia carbonate, 15 anthropogenic constituents, 56 anthropogenic emission, 35 biogenic emissions, 22 carbon dioxide, 2, 91 carcinogens, 121 chemical equilibrium, 62-63 chemical reactivity, 72 denitrification, 176 deposition processes, 74 deposits, 99 discharge, 2 disequilibrium, 62 elements mobilization, 51 fossil fuel burning, 50

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From page 237...

... 7 / gaseous organzas photooxidation, 65 gaseous pollutants, 105 heterogeneous processes, 66 human alterations, 13-19 hydrocarbons emissions, 32 interfaces, 122 mercury content, 107 mercury removal, 77 metabolic by-products, 27 metals, 28 methane, 64 mutagens, 121 organic compounds, 96 organic pollutants removal, 57 organochlorines, 59 overview, 1 oxidation reactions, 62-63 oxygen, 60 particles, 72 plumes, 60 pollutants, 36, 58, 107 radionuclides, 117 radon, 59 rain, 77 removal processes, 72 resorb and recycle materials, 93 selenium, 29 smelter emissions, 57 substances residence times, 74-84 sulfur content, 42, 70 sulfuric acid, 15 teratogens, 121 toxic heavy metals fallout, 121 toxic substances, 77 trace organic pollutants, 107 volatile components, 95 atmosphere-biospbere interaction, 36, 120 deposition processes, 57-86 global exchanges, 101 historical overview, 9-13 reactivity, 59 solubility, 59 synergistic relationships, 59 transformation, 57-86 transport, 57-86 atmosphere-biosphere system, 123 atmosphere-water interaction, 101 atmosphere-water interface, 74 atmospheric constituents residence times, 57 atmospheric contaminants biological accumulation, 87-119 deposition, 60 terrestrial ecosystems, 87 atmospheric deposition, 77-84, 101 acidification, 120 biological effects prediction, 122 ecological effects, 77 freshwater ecosystems, 131 terrestrial ecosystem, 131 atmospheric emissions fossil fuel burning, 38-56 natural biomass burning, 30-32 trace metals, 50 (see also atmospheric pollutants; atmospheric pollution) atmospheric haze, 15 atmospheric hydrocarbons fluorine, 130 sulfur dioxide, 130 trace metals, 130 atmospheric nitrous hydrocarbons, 124 atmospheric nitrous oxides, 124 atmospheric particulates formation, 14 atmospheric pollutants carbon dioxide, 120 ecosystems, 130 global distribution, 1 lichens, 130 mosses, 130 nitrogen oxides, 120 atmospheric pollution bogs, 180 forecasting, 7 monitoring, 7 atmospheric precipitation, 12 acid content, 84

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From page 238...

... autotrophic nitrifying bacteria, 23 bacteria, 94, 101 acid tolerance, 95 (see also soils) barium, fossil fuel mobilization, 50 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 Barrow, Alaska atmospheric sulfate, 137 atmospheric vanadium, 137 baseline monitoring, 136 biota beech Fagus sylvatica, 173 beetles, 94 Belgium, aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 benthic crustacea, 161 Gammarus lacustris, 128 benthic organisms, heavy metals toxicity, 111 benzota~pyrene, antbropogenic sources, 131, 54 beryllium, trace metals, 28 bicarbonate solution, titration, 148 bioassay methodologies, 132 bioconcentration, 128 bioexcluded toxic elements, 103 biogenic emissions in atmosphere, 22 biogeochemical cycling, ecological effects, 126 biogeochemical reservoirs, global interactions, 123 biological methylation, 28 biological nitrogen fixation, ecosystems, 22 biology, 8 biomagnification, 128-129, 131 biomagnification-food chain relationship, 103, 125 biomass burning emission composition, 32 nitrogen oxides emissions, 47 acid effects, 149-181 atmospheric contaminants accumulation, 74 chemical elements behavior, 124 degradation, 136 deposition processes, 74 fossil fuels, 2 human health effects, 47 interfaces, 122 nitrogen oxides emissions effects, 47 overview, 1 pollutants, 107 reduction reactions, 63-64 acids production, 179 ecology, 8, 101 physiological parameters, 103 survival, 121 temperature dependence, 104 bioturbation, 94 birds, selenium concentration, 113-114 bismuth metals flux, 50 trace metals, 28 blood chemistry, copper toxicity, 107 blood-brain barrier, 114 blue-green algae, 25 heavy metal toxicity, 111 bog moss, Sphagnum, 149, 180 bogs sediments, methane generation, 32

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From page 239...

... brook trout aluminum poisoning, 103-104 hydrogen ions, 104 brown pelicans, 117 bryophytes liverworts, 128 mosses, 128 stresses, 130 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 trace metals, 128 urban areas, 128 cadmium, 111, 173 concentrations in fishes, 3 detergents mixture, 113 Greenland glaciers, 136 in animals, 111 in Lake Michigan, 4, 5 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 lead synergism, 111 metals flux, 50 organism exposure, 113 Pimephales ~romelas, 114 streams, 157 synergistic interactions, 108 toxic concentrations, 107 toxicity, 113-114 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 calcicoles, 170 calcifuges, 170 Calcite Saturation Index, 181 calcium, 103 aluminum uptake, 111 carcinogens Canada aquatic freshwater plankton, 111 as an ameliorative, 111 in Swedish lakes, 155 lake sediments, 100 leaching, 173 low pH, 111 nutrient elements, 120 requirements, 101 ammonia concentrations, 150 aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 Arctic tundra, 130 ecosystem acidification, 149 environmental quality erosion, 136 precipitation pH, 81 satellite plume observations, 61 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 Canadian Department of Fisheries & Oceans, 182 Canadian Network for Sampling Precipitation, 81, 150 carbon, 91 bioconcentration, plants, 101 particulate organic, 54 carbon dioxide algae, 91 aquatic plants, 91 atmosphere, 2, 91 atmospheric pollutants, 120 global atmosphere, 13 pollutant, 4 carbon disulfide, 26 conversion, 98-99 carbon monoxide atmospheric source, 66 plants reaction, 88 soils interaction, 97 carbonates, weathered, 172 carbonyl sulfide, 26, 98, 99 carbonyls, 65 carboxylic acids formation, 66 hydrocarbon pbotooxidation, 66 atmosphere, 121

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From page 240...

... 240 compounds, 131 micropollutants, 4 Caribbean DOT transport, 59 carnivores, 131 carnivorous fish bioconcentration, 104 mercury concentrations, 104 Catastomas commersoni, 119 catfish, PCB concentrations, 107 cation exchange neutral salts, 172 cement industry production, 56 production of heavy metals, 132 trace metals, 56 trace metals fluxes, 50 volatile oxides emissions, 53 cereal crops dry deposition resistance, 75 cesium residence times, 128 Chaoborus larvae, 167 charcoals concentration, 134 Lake Michigan, 134 strata deposits, 133 chelate metals, 113 chemical reactivity in atmosphere, 72 chemicals, biodegraded, 96 China fossil fuel consumption, 38 coal nuclear device detonation, 59 Chinook salmon, PCB concentrations, 107 chironomids, in acidified lake sediments, 167 Chlorella, heavy metals concentrations, 114 chlorides in acid rain, 17 systematic studies, 12 chlorinated aromatics, 96 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 14 pollutant resistance, 114 chlorophytes, 161 chromium, 173 in Swedish rain, 173 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 chrysophyceans, 161 Chrysophyta, 128 silicon concentration, 101 Cladonia, 128 clays minerals in soils, 99 nonmetabolic absorption adsorption, 104 climate changes, 2 ecosystems, 143 oscillations, 122 warming, 14 clouds coal condensation nuclei, 70 pollutants, 77 gasification, 54, 56 particulate organic carbon fluxes, 56 phenols, 56 toxic metals enrichment, 35 U.S. reserves, 38 coal combustion air pollution, 20 nitrogen oxides linkage, 119-120 processes, 132 products, 124 sulfur oxides linkage, 119-120 consumption commercial heating, 38 electric utilities, 38, 40 oven coke production, 38 railroads, 38, 40 residential heating, 38 United States, 40 coastal bays DOT toxicity, 115 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 coastal environments heavy metals, 131 pollutants, 132 coastal sediments, nitratre reduction, 26

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From page 241...

... 241 cobalt in sediments, 161 soil accumulation' 99 trace metals, 28 cobalt-60 particulate matter absorption, 93 Coho salmon, PCB concentrations, 107 cold extremes stresses, 130 Collembola, 179 combustion processes, 132 condensed hydrocarbons, atmospheric visibility, 14 copper, 4 forests, 173 freshwater fish, 107 in sediments, 161 in Sudbury soils, 108 in Swedish rains, 173 organism exposure, 113 Pimephales promelas, 114 rainbow trout exposure, 113 soil accumulation, 99 toxicity, 111, 114 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 58 corals, sedimentary record, 132 corixids, 167 corrosion, air pollution, 20 crabs DOT toxicity, 115 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 crayfish Astacus astacus, 161, 164 Orconectes virilis, 161, 164 crops acid rain, 167 field-grown, 169 greenhouse, 168 crustaceans, 128, 161 calcium concentrations, 111 Daphnia, 164 hydrogen ions sensitivity, 111 larvae, 101 pH tolerances, 163 planktonic, 164 pollutant ingestion, 94 cyanophytes, 161 cycle linkages, air pollution, 131 cyclic monoterpenes, photooxidation, 66, 67 cyclic olefins, 66 � . cypr~n~c Rutilus rutilus, 164 dairy cattle manure production 24 Daphnia magna, 164 Daphnia middendorfiana, 164 DDE in marine ecosystem, 117 DOT Africa, transport, 59 biological effects, 115 blood-brain barrier effects, 114 deposition flux, 70 in atmosphere, 14 in fish, 94-95 insecticide, 115 marine ecosystem, 117 membrane barrier, 114 myelin, 114 predatory birds, 103 sediment concentration, 94 decomposition of soil, 179 deep ocean, inert substances accumulation, 93 denitrification, 22 acidification, 176 anaerobiosis, 23 anoxic hypolimnia, 25 atmosphere, 176 inorganic nitrogen, 23 so~l, 179 soil acidification, 100 suppression, 100 denitrification rates - soil pH correlation, 178 Denmark, aguatic ecosystems degradation, 3 deposition, 66-70, 126 atmospheric-resistance controlled, 74 atmospheric transport, 85 dry processes, 66-70, 72 lead, 82 measurement, 70 particles, 73

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From page 242...

... 242 plants, 73 rate, 70 surface-resistance controlled, 74 trees, 71 turbulent transfer, 72 wet processes, 66-70 zinc, 82 desert regions, sulfur dioxide from smelters, 130 Desulfovibrio aquatic ecosystems, 27 detergents anionic, 113 cadmium, 113 mercury, 113 nonionic, 113 dew, 66-70 � ~ d~am~ne microbial activity, 24 diatoms, 161 heavy metal toxicity, 111 silicon concentration, 101 diesel, 54 fuel soot particles, 131 vehicles, 56 diethyl disulfide, 26 diffusion, 59-60 dimethyl disulfide, 26, 98, 99 dimethyl mercury sediments, 160 dimethyl sulfide, 26, 27, 99 dimethyl sulfoxide, 27 dimethylselenide, 29 drainage basin, 100 drinking water quality, 100 droughts, 2 stresses, 130 dytiscid beetles, 167 Earth Research Technology Satellite, 60-61 earthworms, 94 ecological reserves, 136 ecological toxicity, 59 acid rain, 181 ecology, 8 biota, 101 (see also ecosystem entries) ecosystems acidification, 149, 179-180 aerosol entry, 88 antbropogenic, 121-128, 143 aquatic, 149 atmospheric pollutants, 130 biogeocbemistry, 179 biological nitrogen fixation, 22 biotic effects, 143 climatic effects, 143 diverse interactions, 120 educational programs needed, 8 forests, 170 fossil fuel combustion, 104 freshwater, 149 geologic effects, 143 identification, 7 linked emissions, 120 long-term studies, 136 natural, episodic effects, 143 pathways, 126 research techniques needed, 8 stress responses, 129 taxonomy, 136 topographic conditions, 143 ecotoxicology, long-term, 7 eel, PCB concentrations, 107 electric utilities coal consumers, 38 coal use, 40 sulfur oxide emissions, 41, 43 elements, biointermediate and biologically inert, 103 emissions, 126 anthropogenic, 41 control technology, 36 energy-related, 36-38 flux, 38 global atmosphere, 49 hydrogen sulfide, 26 natural, 41 nitrogen oxide, 3, 41 sulfur, 3 trace metals, 47 volatile oxides, 53 Enchytraeidae, 179 endothermic reactions, 63

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From page 243...

... esters transformations, 65, 96 estuarine environments, 131-132 ethane, 28 ethyl mercaptan, 26 ethyl methyl sulfide, 26 ethylamine, microbial activity, 24 ethylene aquatic ecosystems, 97 plant hormone, 90 soils interaction, 97 Europe acid rain, 121 anticyclonic conditions, 60 fossil fuel combustion, 56 fossil fuel consumption, 36 eutrophic lakes denitrification, 25 exothermic chemistry, 63 Experimental Lakes area, Ontario acid rain, 154 ~ r Fagus sylvatica, 173 fairy shrimp Brachinecta Paludosa. 164 fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, 164 fauna, 131 Fayetteville, Arizona nuclear fallout, 59 feather moss Hyloconium splendens, 128 fine particulate pollutants, atmospheric visibility, 14 fir trees exudates, 28 fire stresses, 130 fish, 94 acid rain, 99-100, 131 aluminum toxicity, 164 chlorinated hydrocarbons accumulations, 125 DOT toxicity, 115 egg Matchability, 165 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 in acidified lakes, 164 kills, 164 lead content effects, 107 life cycle, 164 mercury accumulation, 125, 131 mercury bioaccumulation, 113-114 mercury concentrations, 4, 107 mortality, 99 occurrence, 166 pH values, 164 populations, 164 selenium concentration, 113-114 toxic metals resistance, 114 floating aquatic plants Lemna valdiviana, 111 Salvinia natans, 111 fluorine, atmospheric hydrocarbons, 130 fluxes aquatic ecosystems, 94 natural, 122 fog, 66-70 foliar lesions, nitrogen thresholds, 106 food chains, 128 biomagnification, 125 leaf litter, 131

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From page 244...

... fossil fuel acid rain, 140 anthropogenic pollution, 1 biosphere, 2 coal use, 36 combustion, 35, 51 consumption, 50 energy consumption, 36 geographical distribution, 38 oil and gas use, 36 primary, 36 U.S. coal reserves, 38 use, 36, 38 fossil fuel combustion acid rain, 140 anthropogenic source of nitrogen oxides, 47 a tmospheric emissions, 38-56 ecosystems, 104 Europe, 56 heavy metals, 132 Japan, 56 nitrogen oxides, 47 nonmethane hydrocarbons, 54 North America, 56 trace metals, 56 United States, 47 fossil fuel consumption China, 38 Europe, 36 global patterns, 36 fresh marshes, sulfate reduction, 27 fresh water acidification, 100 algae, 111 anoxic hypolimnia, 27 ecosystems, 131 effects, 3 fish, copper content, 107 heavy metal toxicity, 111 hydrogen ion, 108 nitrogen fixation, 25 organisms mercury uptake, 113-114 plants, 27 selenium content, 113-114 streams acidification, 121 sulfate reduction, 27 trace metals concentrations, 107 frustules fuel fumigation silicon concentration, 101 combustion, sulfur dioxide, 41 consumption data, 36 noncommercial, 54 fulvic acid stability reduction, 176 sulfur dioxide, 19 vegetation, 122 white pine needles damage, 105 fungal mycelium, forest soils, 179 fungi, plant pathogens, 94 gallium, 28 gametophyte, fertilization, 167 GaTmnarus lacustris, 128 gas-phase reactions, products t 65-66 gaseous ammonia (see ammonia)

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From page 245...

... gasoline-alcohol fuels, 54 geochemistry, 84 Germany chemistry of air and rain, 15 forests, 173 germination light dependence of sulfur dioxide damage, 105 phytoplankton, 104 gibbsite, acid rain, 172 glaciers sedimentary record, 132 global atmosphere budgets, trace gas, 30 carbon dioxide, 13 emissions, 49 nitrogen oxides emissions, 47 global budgets, organic compounds, 65 global energy market, 36, 37 global fixation, molecular nitrogen, 22 global interactions biogeochemical reservoirs, 123 pollutant-sensitive lichens elimination, 115 rain composition, 16 rain, air chemistry, 15 Great Lakes DOT content in fish, 94-9S heavy metals, 111 PCB concentrations, 107 PCB content in fish, 94-95 sediment cores, 95 white sucker, 119 green algae, 111 Green Bay nitrogen input, 25 greenhouse effect, plant productivity, 120 Greenland ice sheets, 2 Greenland glaciers cadmium, 136 lead, 136 mercury, 136 sulfate, 136 sulfate concentrations, 141 ground water acidification, 121 aluminum concentrations, 157 manganese concentrations, 157 growth

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From page 246...

... 246 haloalkanes, atmospheric life, 65 health hazards air pollution, 20 particulate organic carbon fluxes, 56 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 56 heavy metals acidified soils, 179 algae, 113 cement production, 132 coastal environments, 131 diatoms, 111 fossil fuel combustion, 132 Great Lakes, 111 organic pollutants, 101 smelting, 132 solubility, 108 hematopoetic necrosis, 113 herring gulls, PCB concentrations, 107 heterogeneous processes in atmosphere, 66 heterotrophs, 101 beterotrophic microorganisms, 111 horticultural crops cadmium toxicity, 108 nickel toxicity, 108 ozone toxicity, 108 Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, 154 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 181 Hudson Bay, spagnum bogs, 180-181 human health air pollution, 20 ice cover gaseous oxides, 3 human skin cancers ultraviolet radiation, 14 humic acids lead adsorption, 120 humus (see soil) hydrocarbons aromatic, 66 chlorinated, 107 emissions photooxidation, 66 fish, 115 nitrogen oxide, 105 nonmethane, 54 hydrocarbons emissions atmosphere, 32 hydrochloric acid plant surface entry, 88 hydrogen, atmospheric source, 66 hydrogen ions acid rain, 170 atmospheric sulfur dioxide transformation, 147-149 brook trout, 104 fresh waters, 108 from precipitation, 100 lake input, 100 receptor ecosystems, 124 soil toxicity, 179 toxicity, 131, 164 hydrogen peroxide, 66 hydrogen sulfide, 63, 99 disequilibrium, 62 emissions, 26 in atmosphere, oxidation, 62 removal, 98 soil, 98 hydrometeor, 72 hydrosphere 70 interfaces, 122 resorb and recycle materials, 93 hydrous oxides Volubility, 172 hydroxynitrocresols, 68-69 hygroscopicity, 57, 72 Hyloconium splendens hypolimnion-sediments reaction, 93 gas exchange barrier, 91 lakes, 91 methane entrapment, 91 ice sheets, 2 igneous rocks crystalline, 129 indicators, 128 individual organisms, pollutants, 101-117 indole, microbial activity, 24 Indonesian lakes, 152 industry lead emissions, 4

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From page 247...

... 247 sulfur dioxide emissions, 41 inorganic pollutants concentrations, 60 insect larvae in acidified lake sediments, 167 insecticides, 115 insects, metals concentration, 103 interstitial waters, acid lake deposition, 180 invertebrates pollutant ingestion, 94 Ireland, chemistry of air and lake rain, 15 iron hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in sediments, 161 oxides mobilization, 176 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 iron-59 particulate matter absorption, 93 isopleths, precipitation pH, 81 isoprene from terrestrial vegetation, 32 olefin, 66 photooxidation, 67 James Bay Japan spagnum bogs, 180-181 fossil fuel burning, 56 fossil fuel consumption, 38 lakes, 152 keolinite acid rain, 172 ketones, 65 La Cloche lakes, fish species, 164 lacustrine molluscs, 161 Lake Erie, algal fixation, 25 Lake Michigan atmosphere, 133 cadmium concentrations, 5 cadmium content, 4 cadmium toxicity, 107 charcoal, 134 mercury content, 103 metal concentrations, 133, 135 sediments, 132 time horizons, 132-133 zinc content, 4, 107 Lake Ontario sucker fish, 119 sediments calcium release, 100 methane generation, 32 pollutants accumulation, 93 waters bacteria, 96 calcium enrichment, 179 copper, 111 nickel, 111 seasonal changes of pH, 92 acid rain, 121 acidification, 95, 100, 164, 167 acidity, 102, 147, 149, 161 algae, 161 alkalinity, 107 aluminum chemistry, 153, 156-157 benthic mats, 161 buffered, 100, 107 cadmium, 157 calcium concentration, 100 catchment basin runoff, 100 chemical changes, 152 chemical pollution, 3 DOT toxicity, 115 fish population destruction, 121 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 ice cover, 91 Indonesia, 152 ionic composition, 153 ionic ratios, 153 iron content, 27 Japan, 152 lead, 157 magnesium, 100 manganese, 157 metal concentrations, 153, 159 nickel, 157

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From page 248...

... 248 North America, 147 Norway, 100 Ontario, 152, 161 orthophosphates, 158 oxidation rate, 96 pH decline, 100, 152 pH of precipitation, 152 pH values, 156 phosphorus, 94, 158 phosphorus precipitate, 157 phytoplankton, 161 sedimentary record, 132 sediments, 100, 167 sulfates, 99 silica content in Sweden, 161 Sweden, 156, 161 thermocline region, 25 trout abnormalities, 164 watersheds, 100 zinc, 157 land oil spills stresses, 130 lanthanum trace metals, 28 Laurentian Great Lakes, 25 leaching acid rain, 179 acidity effect, 177 aluminum, 173 weathering, 173 lead, 103, 111, 120, 173 acidification, 176 bone deposits, 124 calcerous shell deposits, 124 concentrations in fishes, 3 deposition, 82 excluded in vertebrates, 103 forests, 173 Greenland glaciers, 136 in fish, 107 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 metals flux, 50 methylation, 94 neurological damage to fish, 107 streams, 157 toxicity, 111, 113 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 leaves food chain, 131 moisture layer, 88 surfaces pollutants, 115 Leeds, England, acid rain, 17 legumes, fixation, 176 Lemna valdiviana, 111 leopard frog, population decline, 119 Lepidurus arcticus, 161, 164 lichens air pollution, 20 atmospheric pollutants, 130 Cladonia, 128 effects on moth life, 115 radioactive fallout accumulation, 129 stresses, 130 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 sulfur dioxide pollution, 129 urban areas, 128 life cycle calcium concentrations, 164 fish, 164 organism, 129 liming, 182 lipid Volubility, 128 liquefaction, 54, 56 lithium trace metals, 28 lithosphere interfaces, 122 litter decomposition, inhibition, 95 Little Moose Lake, Adirondacks, New York seasonal changes of pH, 92 livestock poisoning with arsenic, 18 long-wave radiation, heat loss, 60 Los Angeles, California manufacturing plant wastes, 117 photochemical smog, 15 lower troposphere, 59 magnesium in Swedish lakes, 155

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From page 249...

... 249 lakes, 100 leaching, 173 mobilization, 167 trace metals, 28 Maine acidification history, 95 mercury concentrations, 4 mammals, selenium concentration, 113-114 man-made materials ecological effects, 127 Manchester, England air pollution, 20 lichens decline, 20 manganese forests, 173 ground water, 157 hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 oxides mobilization, 176 streams, 157 toxic concentrations, 167 trace metals, 28 manufacturing plants, wastes, 117 MAP3S (see Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study) marine deposits, sedimentary record, 132 marine ecosystem, 117, 132 marine environment, 113-114 marine plants, dimethyl sulfide production, 27 marine sediments, nitrate reduction, 26 marine waters, sulfate reduction, 27 marshes, iron content, 27 mass transfers, deposition process, 66-70 Massachusetts peatland, 180 Spagnum, 180 MELIMEX study, Switzerland, 111 mercaptans, 65 mercury aquatic food chain, 103, 113-114 anthropogenic, 49 biological cycle, 31 concentrations in fishes, 3 deposition flux, 70 detergents mixture, 113 dimethyl, 160 fish, 131 fossil fuel mobilization, 50 Greenland glaciers, 136 in atmosphere, 77, 107 in fish, 104, 107 Lake Michigan, 103 metals flux, 50 methylated, 20, 120, 157 methylation, 94, 103 monomethyl, 160 natural sources, 50 organism exposure, 113 plant surface entry, 88 residence time, 77 sediments, 131 soil, 131 toxicity, 104, 113-114 mercury emissions, 124 acid rain, 157 anthropogenic, 47 metal concentrations in Lake Michigan, 135 metal smelters, sulfur dioxide damage, 18 metal-gas interactions, 108 metalimnion, thermal stratification, 96 metallic mercury, 120 metallic sulfides, anaerobic environments, 120 metallic toxicants, 124 metallothionein, synthesis in aquatic organisms, 113, 114 metals antimony, flux, 50 atmosphere, 78 deposition profiles, 133 in atmosphere above Lake Michigan, 133 lakes, 159 methylated, 103 residence times, 78

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From page 250...

... 250 toxic concentrations, 113 meteorology, pollutant mixing, 60 methane, 28, 32, 63 atmosphere, 64 biogenesis by microorganisms, 64 diffusion, 96 flux, 64 oxidation, 64, 96 synthesis, 64 methyl mercaptan, 26, 98 methylated metals, lipid affinity, 94 methylmercury, 28 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 97 microbes, biological consequences, 126 microbial degradation, pesticides, 179 microbial denitrification, acidification, 161 microorganisms, 23 arsenic derivatives conversion, 29-30 axenic cultures, 29 elements removal in soils, 99 gas production, 22 heterotrophic, 22 mercury methylation, 103 selenium methylation, 103 soil ecosystem, 22 sulfate-reducing, 62 microscopic autotrophs algae, 101 midge larvae, 94 mineral-volcanic acidity relationships, 152 mineralization, nutrient loss, 174 minerals acidification, 151 alumina silicate, 1 72 Minnesota minnow leopard frog population decline, 119 mercury concentrations, 4 sphagnum bogs, 180-181 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 Phoxinus phoxinus, 164 Mississippi River, sulfur oxides emissions, 41 mist, 66-70 mites, 94, 179 molecular nitrogen, global fixation, 22 mollusks calcium requirements, 101 calcium uptake, 103 lead uptake, 103 pH tolerances, 163 radium uptake, 103 strontium uptake, 103 molybdenum trace metals, 28 molybdenum-nitrogen fixation in legumes, 179 monitoring schemes, sensitive early indicators, 128 monoamine microbial activity, 24 monovalent chlorides, 172 mosses atmospheric pollutants, 130 radioactive fallout accumulation, 129 moths, effects of lichens on growth, 115 Mou~eotia, 161 mud minnow Pimephales promelas, 129 mud-water interface, 111 Multistate Atmospheric Power Production Pollution Study, 85 mutagens atmosphere, 121 compounds, 131 micropollutants, 4 mycorrhizal fungi, pollutant ingestion, 94 mylin, 114 Mysis relicts, water pH effects, 128 e-butane paraffin, 66 photooxidation, 67 National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) , 81, 85, 150 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 8

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From page 251...

... 251 National Center for Ecology and Environmental Science possible organization, 8 National Materials Accounting System, proposed, 84 natural biomass burning, atmospheric emissions, 30-32 natural lead emissions, 4 Netherlands aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 neuston, 101, 181 neuston dwellers, 131 neutral salts, synergistic influence, 172 New Brunswick mercury concentrations, 4 New York mercury concentrations, 4 nickel acidification, 176 forests, 173 horticultural crops, 108 in Swedish rain, 173 lakes, 157 soil accumulation, 99 streams, 157 synergistic interactions, 100 toxicity, 111 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 nitrate esters, 65 nitrates, 22 acid rain, 100 Adirondack Mountains, New York, 100 algae, 91 aquatic plants, 91 gaseous ammonia, 120 nitric acid, 66 acid rain, 47 air sorption, 98 vitrification acidification, 161 ammonia, 149 soil, 179 nitrites, 22 nitrogen algae-beavy metals effects, 113 aquatic ecosystems, 25 diffusion, 96 fixation, fresh water, 25 foliar lesions, 106 forests, 167, 170-171 impediments, 91 in acid rain, 17 plant surface entry, 88 plants, 103 receptor ecosystems, 124 soil interaction, 98 transfer, 91 nitrogen compounds anthropogenic sources, 142 dry deposition, 76 nitrogen cycle, acid rain, 170 nitrogen dioxide concentration in plants, 106 removal, 98 nitrogen heterocycles, 96 soils, 24 nitrogen monoxide plants reaction, 88 nitrogen oxide acid rain, 130 anthropogenic release, 120-121 atmospheric pollutants, 120 emissions, 3, 41, 147 fossil fuel combustion, 47 gaseous pollutants, 56 hydrocarbons, 105 industrial emissions, 142 regional acid rain problems, 147 toxicity, 105 United States, 44 vegetation, 105 nitrogen oxide emissions Boston-Washington corridor, 41 national, 41 Ohio River Valley, 41 United States, 45, 48 nitrogen-containing compounds atmospheric residence time, 65 nitrogenous compounds, studies, 12 nitrous oxide, 22 microbial reduction, 23 removal, 98

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From page 252...

... 252 noncommercial fuel, particulate organic carbon fluxes, 56 Nor tb America acid rain, 121 acidification, 153 anticyclonic conditions, 60 atmospheric sulfur budget, 42 calcium concentrations, 154 fossil fuel combustion, 56 fossil fuel consumption, 38 lakes, 147 Norway pH levels, 154 precipitation pH, 107 spagnum bogs, 180-181 taxonomic work, 136 Northern Hemisphere, 56 ammonia emissions, 24 fossil fuel consumption, 38 acidification history, 95 aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 forest acidification, 100-101 lakes, 100 mercury concentrations in fish, 1S7 pH decline in lakes, 152 sulfates in lakes, 99 watersheds, 147 nuclear device detonation in China, 59 nutrients limiting, 124 plants, 101 receptor ecosystems, 124 octanol-water partition coefficient, 124 Ohio River Valley, 41 oil combustion processes, 132 fossil fuel, 36 spills, 1 01 olefins, isoprene, 65-66 oligochaete worms, 179 oliogotrophication, 157 Ontario, Canada lakes, 152, 161 mercury concentrations, 4 nutrients addition, 182 pH of precipitation, 152 plumes observation, 60 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 Ontario Ministry of Environment, 152, 182 Orconectes virilis, 161, 164 organic atmospheric pollutants, biodegradability, 96 organic carbon, 34, 54 organic compounds, 64-66 anthropogenic emissions, 54 atmospheric life, 65, 96 deposition flux, 70 emissions, 32 gaseous pollutants, 56 global budgets, 65 microbial transformation, 96 transformations, 96 (see also gaseous organics) organic decomposition, gaseous ammonia, 84 organic nitrogen compounds in soils, 24 organic particles, oxidation, 66 organic particulates, natural emissions, 32 organic pollutants atmosphere, 57 heavy metals, 101 lipid-soluble, 131 organisms PCBs, 59 vapor-phase, 57 organic selenium compounds, metabolism, 29 organism accumulator, 129 embryonic development, 129 life cycle, 129 sensitivity, 129 acidification, 161 biological changes, 161 deposited substances toxicity, 104-108 fat deposits, 124 growth, 101 long-term studies, 136 organochlorines atmosphere, 59

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From page 253...

... papillomas, 119 paraffins, e-butane, 65, 66 particles atmosphere, 72 condensation nuclei, 70 deposition, 73 gravitational sedimentation, 70 size, 72 surface characteristics, 72 particulate dusts and soil, 84 particulate emissions controls, 142 particulate organic carbon (POC) anthropogenic sources, 55 global emissions, 55 particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons heterogeneous reactions, 66 particulate polycyclic compounds carcinogenic properties, 54 mutagenic, 54 Pasadena, California acid rain, 19 pearl dace Semotilus margarita, 167 peas NO2 effects, 110 Pisum sativum, 108' 110 pollutants interactions, 108 sulfur dioxide effects, 110 pelagic biota, 94 pelagic fish eggs, 101 pelagic vertebrates, 103 Pennines, British Isles, bogs, 180 periphyton chrysophyceans elimination, 161 diatoms elimination, 161 metals concentration, 103 peroxyacetyluitrate (PAN)

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From page 254...

... podzol acid, 172 pollination, 115 pollutants accumulation, 93 aquatic ecosystems, 94 atmosphere, 36 atmospheric effects, 123 atmospheric residence times, 59 bioconcentrated, 101 bioexcluded, 101 biological effects, 115 biological responses, 104 biosphere, 108 chemical characteristics, 77 cloud, 77 coal-smoke, 115 coastal environments, 132 dispersion, 58

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From page 255...

... polybrominated biphenyls sediment concentration, 94 polychlorinated biphenyls dispersal, 107 in fish, 94-95 sediment concentration, 94 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) , 120 health effects, 54 health hazard, 56 particulate emissions, 56 transformations, 96 polynuclear aromatic compounds, sediment concentration, 94 polyvalent metals, acid rain, 176 potassium leaching, 173 nutrient elements, 120 power plants emissions, 3 radionuclides, 117 tall stacks, 146 precipitation acid rain, 3 ammonia content, 24 hydrochloric acid, 18 lead deposition, 82 metals concentrations, 83 pH, 81 pH in rain, 18 pH values, 140 phosphorus, 161 pollutants, 59 regimes, 100 scavenging, 72 strong acids addition, 172 sulfate deposition, 4 sulfuric acid supply, 153 urban, 18 zinc deposition (see also acid precipitation; rain)

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From page 256...

... sedimentary microorganisms, 120 sedimentary sinks, 120 sediments aluminum content, 161 anoxic, 132 DOT concentration, 94 dimethyl mercury, 160 in fish, 94-95 Lake Michigan, 132 lakes, 100, 167 littoral, 161 mercury, 131 methylated mercury contents, 28 Mougeotia, 161 organic, 160 pH decrease, 100 pollutants, 94 saprophytic organisms, 94 seed germination arrested, 17 seed pods reduction, 167 seed production, sulfur dioxide damage, 105 selenium, 4 amelioration, 113 atmosphere, 29 enhanced concentrations, 113-114

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From page 257...

... 257 methylation, 94, 103 organism exposure, 113 plant surface entry, 88 toxic effects, 104 selenium-mercury interaction, 113-114, 124 selenoproteins, 113 Semotilus margarita, 167 sensitive roach Rutilus rutilus, 164 shale oil, 54 sheep, ammonia in urine, 24 shells metabolization, 103 Sierra Nevada, California, acid rain r 154 silica in Swedish lakes, 161 silicon, 101, 162 silver metals flux, 50 organism exposure, 113 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 skatole, microbial activity, 24 skin tumors (see papillomas) smelters fumigations, 173 lake contamination, 111 metal, 120, 122 nitrogen oxides linkage, 119-120 particles emission, 57 plant populations, 131 Sudbury, 111 sulfur dioxide emissions, 130 sulfur oxides linkage, 119-120 Sweden, 18 smelting heavy metals, 132 smokestacks air pollution, 20 sodium, trace metals, 28 soil, 129 accumulation, 93-95 acid input response, 101 acidity, 170, 172 acid rain, 170, 173 acidification, 120, 172, 176, 179 adsorbed sulfates, 175 aluminum buffering, 100 amines, 24 ammonia loss, 23, 24 ammonification, 179 arsenicals treated, 30 bacteria, 96 brown forest, 172 calcareous, 100, 170 carbon disulfide removal, 98-99 carbonyl sulfide removal, 98-99 clay minerals, 99 decomposition, 179 denitrification, 179 dimethyl disulfide removal, 98-99 dimethyl sulfide removal, 99 erosion, 122 fertility, 172 forest, bacteria, 179 humic acids, 176 humus layer, 131 hydrogen sulfide emissions, 26 hydrogen sulfide removal, 98, 99 manganese concentrations, 170 mercury, 131 mercury content, 28 metal output, 170 methyl mercaptan removal, 98-99 microbial action, 24 microbial processes, 176 mineral, 176 neutral, 170 nitric oxide production, 23 vitrification, 179 nitrous oxide production, 23 nitrogen fixation reduction, 176 nitrogen heterocycles, 24 noncalcareous, 172 organic nitrogen compounds, 24 particulate dusts, 84 pH decline, 172

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From page 258...

... pores, aerosol entry, 88 stratosphere aerosol formation, 41 photochemical reactions, 41 stratospheric ozone layer depletion, 14 streams cadmium, 157 DOT toxicity, 115 halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity, 115 lead, 157 manganese, 157 nickel, 157 zinc, 157 a- stresses bryophytes, 130 cold extremes, 130 drought, 130 fire, 130 gamma radiation, 130 land oil spills, 130 lichens, 130 sulfur dioxide, 130 temperate forests, 130-131 tropical forests, 130-131 vegetative reproduction, 130 wind exposure, 130 strontium, 103 bone deposits, 124 cancerous shell deposits, 124 mollusks, 103 trace metals, 28 structure, ecological effects, 126 sucker fish Lake Ontario, 119 lip cancer, 119 Sudbury, Ontario, 173 acid rain, 154 copper, 108 lake contamination, 111 soil, 108

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From page 259...

... surface film aquatic ecosystems, 101 atmospheric deposition, 101 oil spills, 101 toxic organic molecules, 101 surface soils pollutants accumulation, 94 surface water aluminum, 124 thermal stratification, 88 Sweden alkaline content of lakes, 155 aquatic ecosystems degradation, 3 calcium content of lakes, 155 chromium, 173 humus layers, 173 hydrogen ions in rivers, 136 lakes, 156, 161 lead loading assessments, 128 magnesium content of lakes, 155 mercury concentrations, 4 mercury concentrations in fish, 157 metals in lakes, 159 rain, 173 silica content in lakes, 161 silicon concentration in lakes, 162 smelters, 18 soil, 173 spruce forests, 173

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From page 260...

... 260 Switzerland MELIMEX study, 111 synergisms, 108 atmospheric pollutants, 124 talc, 14 tall stacks, power plants, 146 tar in acid rain, 17 tar sand exploitation, 54 taxonomy, ecosystem, 136 temperate forests stresses, 130-131 teratogens atmosphere, 121 micropollutants, terpenes, 65 from terrestrial vegetation, 32 production, 15 terrestrial ecosystems accumulation, 87 acid rain, 19, 105, 129-130 acidification transfers, 100 atmospheric contaminants, 87 atmospheric deposition, 99-100, 131 atmospheric gases accessibility, 87 buffering, 100 calcium losses, 100 gaseous pollutants, 104-106 litter decomposition, 95 nitrogen content, 22 pollutants, 87 pollutants interactions, 108 precipitation pa, 100 resorb and recycle materials, 93 sulfate output, 100 sulfur, 26 transfers, 99-100 vegetation, 167-181 terrestrial plants, trace metals, 28 terrestrial reactions, 22 terrestrial soils aluminum leaching, 99-100 deposits, 99 iron concentrations, 27 terrestrial vegetation antagonisms, 108 pollutant interaction effects, 108 synergisms, 108 Texas, sulfur oxides emissions, 41 thallium, metals flux, 50 thermal stratification gas exchange barrier, 91 metalimnion, 96 surface waters, 88 thermocline, 91 tin metals flux, 50 toxicity, 113 trace metals, 28 titanium, trace metals, 28 tobacco cultivars, pollutants interactions, 108 Tokyo, Japan, nuclear fallout, 59 toluene aromatic hydrocarbon, 66 photooxidation, 67 toxic elements, bioexcluded, 103 toxic heavy metals fallout in atmosphere, 121 toxic metals interactions, 111 resistance, 114 toxic organic molecules surface film, 101 toxic substances atmosphere, 77 background concentrations, 124 biological residence time, 103 in animals, 104 toxicants micropollutants, 4 receptor ecosystems, 124 toxicology education, 8 trace elements transformations, 35 trace metals, 130 animals, 104 anthropogenic emissions, 52 antimony, 28 arsenic, 28 atmospheric emissions, 50

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From page 261...

... of the Interior, 8 deposition studies, 85 ecosystem acidification, 149 environmental quality erosion, 136 fossil fuel combustion, 47 Geological Survey, 8 lead deposition by precipitation, 82 mercury concentrations in fish, 157

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From page 262...

... 262 National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 24 nitrogen oxide emissions, 45, 48 nitrogen oxides, 44 nonmethane hydrocarbons, 54 precipitation pH, 81 Southwestern plants-smelters effects, 131 sulfur dioxide damage, 105 sulfur oxide emissions, 43, 44 zinc deposition by precipitation, 82 urban areas air quality, 54 bryophytes, 128 gaseous reactive hydrocarbons, 54 lichens, 128 vanadium, 173 acidification, 176 forests, 173 in Swedish rain, 173 trace metals, 28 vaporization, trace metals, 50 vegetation, 179 air pollution, 20 fumigation, 122 hydrocarbon photooxidation, 66 isoprene emission, 32 nitrogen oxides, 105 sulfur dioxide damage, 18 sulfur dioxide pollutants, 105 sulfur dioxide pollutants effects, 109 terpene emission, 32 terrestrial ecosystems, 167-181 volatile products generation, 32 vegetative reproduction, stresses 130 vehicle exhaust, 47, 119-120 vertebrates calcium requirements, 101 calcium uptake, 103 lead exclusion, 103 lead uptake, 103 radium uptake, 103 strontium uptake, 103 vertical wind shear pollutants, 59 Vesuvius, 18 viral diseases, copper exposure effects, 113 viscous boundary layer atmospheric resistance, 74 diffusion, 70 diffusive transport, 70 volatile dimethyl mercury, 120 volatile organic compounds, plant reaction, 88 volatile oxides emissions, 53 volatile products heavy metals, 32 nitrogen, 32 sulfur, 32 volatile sulfides, anaerobic habitats, 120 volatile sulfur compounds, 26 wallpaper arsenic content, 29 water calcium concentration, 100 pollutants interaction, 108 transformations, 95-99 water organisms arsenic concentrations, 103 biointermediate elements, 103 phosphorous concentrations, 103 water quality criteria, 111 water surface film aerosols, 88-91 atmospheric contaminants, 88 organic micropollutants, 88 trace metals content, 88-91 water surfaces, volatile products generation, 32 watersheds, 99 acid rain, 129 lakes, 100 Norway, 147 weathering. bydrogen-ion saturation, 172 inorganic soil calloids, 172

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From page 263...

... 263 iron reduction, 176 leaching, 173 nutrient loss, 174 organic acids, 176 polypbenols, 176 weathering processes elements mobilization, 51 geocbemical, 147 wetlands resorb and recycle materials, 93 transitional ecosystems, 101 white pines fumigation damage, 105 Pinus strobus, 105 white sucker Catastomas commersoni, 119 . Great Lakes, 119 whole watersheds long-term studies, 136 wind exposure, stresses, 130 wind shear, horizontal spreading of pollutants, 59 Windscale, England nuclear processing plant, 117 radionuclides, 117 wood woodlands as a fuel, 30 combustion pollution, 33 combustion processes, 132 resorb and recycle materials, 93 gamma radiation, 130 sulfur dioxide, 130 World Bank fossil fuel use data, 38 World Health Organization, 20 yttrium trace metals, 28 zinc, 103, 173 acidification, 176 aquatic food chain, 103 concentrations in fishes, 3 deposition, 82 forests, 173 hydrogen ion solubility effects, 108-111 in sediments, 161 in Swedish rain, 173 Lake Michigan, 4, 107 lakes, 157 metals flux, 50 mobilization rate, 28 organism exposure, 113 Pimenbales uromelas, 114 , streams, 157 toxic concentrations, 107 toxic elements, 120 toxicity, 111, 114 trace metals, 28 worldwide emissions flux, 50 � ~ zirconium trace metals, 28 zooplank ton cadmium toxicity, 4 filter-feeding, 131 metals concentration, 103 soot particles, 131 toxic metals resistance, 114 zinc toxicity, 4 Zygnema, 161 Zygogonium, 161

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Index Pages 233-264

Index
Pages 233-264