Estimating Losses from Future Earthquakes (1989) / Chapter Skim
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6. Damage and Losses to Special Facilities and Urban Systems
6. Damage and Losses to Special Facilities and Urban Systems
Pages 53-60
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From page 53... ...
Service outages are almost always a prominent concern addressed by lifeline loss studies. Property losses are also important, but casualties associated with damage to lifelines usually are small.
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From page 54... ...
Similarly, with the exception of bridges, which are potentially vulnerable to both effects, highway and railway networks are also more vulnerable to collateral hazards than they are to ground shaking. The probability of failure of links in such networks due to collateral hazards should be treated similarly to that described above for buried pipelines.
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From page 55... ...
Restoring service also depends on the emergency response capability of the lifeline operator or of other emergency response agencies. A utility with an earthquake-resistant radio system, personnel who undergo annual earthquake exercises to test their ability to carry out preassigned tasks, and back-up plans for using emergency bypasses should be much more able to contain the impact of earthquake damage than another utility that does not have these capabilities ant]
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From page 56... ...
The inventory task of field surveying nonstructural characteristics for the building population at large has yet to be attempted in a large-scale study, but this effort should be undertaken for the smaller number of essential, emergency function facilities that are within the scope of a large-scale study. During a loss study, it generally is necessary to walk through each essential facility allowing sufficient time to assess the likelihood of severe structural damage, but it also is essential to ascertain whether critical equipment and supplies have been adequately secured, en cl whether back-up resources have been arranged to deal with utility outages.
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From page 57... ...
Aerial view of collapsed hospital buildings in Sylmar, California. The older, weaker buildings collapsed and the newer, stronger buildings survived with only minor damage during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake (M 6.6~.
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From page 58... ...
For example, in the mechanical category, many pumps are routinely bolted to concrete slabs and are relatively earthquake resistant, even where earthquakes are not specifically considered in design. Also within this overall category of mechanical equipment is air-handling equipment mounted on springs, and these items are usually quite vulnerable to earthquakes except where special seismic measures are taken.
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From page 59... ...
FACIIITI1:S WITH A POTENTIAL FOR LARGE LOSS In this category are large and densely occupied buildings and other facilities such as tank farmers, refineries, damp, liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants or storage areas, chemical plants, nuclear plants, and pipelines containing hazardous materials.
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From page 60... ...
Sometimes such overstressed tanks collapse "d combustible contents ignite. Photo comets of P
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