Standardized Procedures for Personal Travel Surveys (2008) / Chapter Skim
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From page 10... ...
; 3. Pilot surveys and pretests (see Chapter 6 of Technical Appendix)
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2.1 Design of Survey Instruments 2.1.1 I-1: Minimum Question Specification This item addresses the issue of the minimum question content of a household or personal travel survey. It covers what is considered to be essential information about the demographics Summary of Recommended Standardized Procedures and Guidelines 11 Categories Ref Item Type of Recommendation Section I-1 Minimum Question Specification Standardized Procedures 2.1.1 I-2 Standardization of Categories Standardized Procedures 2.1.2 Design of Survey Instruments I-5 Standard Question Wordings Standardized Procedures 2.1.3 D-1 Number and Type of Contacts Standardized Procedures 2.2.1 D-3 Proxy Reporting Standardized Procedures 2.2.2 D-4 Complete Household Definition Standardized Procedures 2.2.3 D-6 Sample Replacement Guidelines 2.2.4 D-7 Item Non-response Standardized Procedures 2.2.5 D-8 Unit Non-response Standardized Procedures 2.2.6 D-10 Initial Contacts More Research 2.2.7 D-13 Incentives Guidelines 2.2.8 Design of Data Collection Procedures D-14 Respondent Burden Standardized Procedures 2.2.9 P-2 Requirements for Pretests or Pilots Standardized Procedures and Guidelines 2.3.1Pilot Surveys and Pretests P-3 Sample Sizes for Pretests and Pilots Standardized Procedures 2.3.2 E-2 Ethics Standardized Procedures 2.4.1 E-3 Mailing Materials Standardized Procedures 2.4.2 E-4 Respondent Questions Standardized Procedures 2.4.3 E-5 Caller ID Standardized Procedures 2.4.4 E-9 Answering Machines and Repeated Call-Back Requests Standardized Procedures 2.4.5 E-10 Incorrect Reporting of Non-Mobility Standardized Procedures 2.4.6 E-11 Recording Time of Day Standardized Procedures 2.4.7 E-12 Time of Day to Begin and End Reporting Standardized Procedures 2.4.8 Survey Implementation E-13 Creation of Identification Numbers Standardized Procedures and Guidelines 2.4.9 C-1 Geocoding Standards Standardized Procedures 2.5.1 C-2 Level of Geocoding to be Performed Standardized Procedures 2.5.2 C-4 Missing Values, Use of Zero, Etc.
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From page 12... ...
, vehicle body type (V1) , vehicle ownership (V5)
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From page 13... ...
To devise recommended standardized categories, definitions of seven international statistical agencies for the specific variables were looked at and compared with the seven data sets examined as well as two other survey definitions. The results are shown in Table 3.
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From page 14... ...
Brother/sister 5 Natural brother/sister 51 Adopted brother/sister 52 Stepbrother/stepsister 53 Brother-in-law/sister-in-law 54 Paternal grandfather/grandmother 61 Grandfather/grandmother 6 Maternal grandfather/grandmother 62 Grandson 71 Grandchild 7 Granddaughter 72 Male 81 Other relative 8 Female 82 Boarder 91 Housemate/ room mate 92 Not related 9 Other non-relative 93 Owned with mortgage 11 Own 1 Owned without mortgage 12 Rent paid 21 Rent 2 Occupied without rent 22 Provided by job 31 Housing Tenure (H7) Provided by job/military 3 Provided by military 32 No school completed 1 No school completed 10 Preschool/nursery 21 Elementary school 2 Kindergarten–4th grade 22 5th–8th grade (junior high)
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3 Other (specify) 30 Home – domestic activity 10 Home 1 Home – paid work 11 Main job 21 Other job 22 Volunteer work and community services 23 Work and work-related 2 Looking for work 24 Attendance at childcare 31 Attendance at school 32 Education/childcare 3 Attendance at college 33 Restaurant/café 41 Fast food 42 Eating out 4 At friends' home 43 Availing of/shopping for administrative services 51 Availing of/shopping for professional services 52 Availing of/shopping for government/public services 53 Availing of/shopping for personal services 54 Personal business/medical 5 Availing of/shopping for medical and health care services 55 Trip Purpose (A2)
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9 Other (specify) 90 35–45 hours 11 46–55 hours 12 Full-time 1 Greater than 56 hours 13 Less than 20 hours per week 21 Part-time 2 Greater than 20 hours per week 22 Retired 31 Retired 3 Semi-retired 32 Full-time homemaker 4 Full-time homemaker 40 Unemployed seeking employment 5 Unemployed seeking employment 50 Unemployed not seeking employment 6 Unemployed not seeking employment 60 Full-time student 7 Full-time student 70 Child not in school/infant*
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From page 17... ...
At a minimum, the number in the traveling party should be asked whenever a private car, van, or truck is the mode of travel. Income "Please stop me when I get to the category that best describes the total combined income for everyone living at this address for last year:" Income response categories should match the start and end points used by the U.S.
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From page 18... ...
D-1 5 D+1 Telephone Reminder to return completed survey (motivation call) D+1 6 D+2 Mail Postcard reminder/reset of diary day to D+7 D+4 to D+6 7 D+6 Telephone Reminder and check on second opportunity for diary day D+6 8 D+9 Mail Postcard reminder and reset of diary day to D+14 D+11 to D+13 9 D+13 Telephone Reminder and check on third opportunity for diary day D+13 10 D+15 Mail Re-mailing of survey package and reset of diary day to D+21 D+17 to D+19 11 D+20 Telephone Reminder and check on fourth opportunity for diary day D+20 Table 5.
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Conduct a pilot survey. A pilot survey should be conducted to enable the estimation of the expected non-response rate.
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Non-response error is a function of the non-response rate and the difference between respondents and nonrespondents on any statistic of interest. A lower unit non-response rate is desired because this reduces the incidence of non-response bias.
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This raises difficult issues as the need for more detailed data emerges in the transportation profession. Pilot surveys offer a useful mechanism for testing alternative designs, and focus groups should also be used in the design process to determine how to make a survey design shorter while still being effective.
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From page 22... ...
Incentives should be offered in all personal travel surveys unless a pilot survey is able to demonstrate clearly that a final response rate in excess of 70% can be achieved without any incentive.
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In some instances, pretests or pilot surveys may be conducted to compare two or more methods for some element of the survey process and to determine which to choose. In other cases, there is no comparison test involved, although it may be anticipated that some refinements to elements of the survey process will result.
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From page 24... ...
The pilot survey or pretest sample can then still be drawn subsequently from those households or persons who will not be included in the main sample under any likely circumstances. The second option is to draw the pilot survey or pretest sample at random from the total population and then be sure to exclude all such drawings from the population for drawing the main sample.
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Measure Assumed Value Desired Accuracy Sample Size Measure Assumed Value Desired Accuracy Assumed Variance Sample Size 50% ±5% 384 10 ±1 100 384 50% ±10% 96 10 ±2 100 96 50% ±15% 43 10 ±3 100 43 50% ±20% 24 10 ±4 100 24 60% or 40% ±5% 369 10 ±1 50 192 60% or 40% ±10% 92 10 ±2 50 48 60% or 40% ±15% 41 10 ±3 50 21 60% or 40% ±20% 23 10 ±4 50 12 75% or 25% ±5% 288 7 ±0.5 70 1076 75% or 25% ±10% 72 7 ±1 70 269 75% or 25% ±15% 32 7 ±1.5 70 120 Response Rate 75% or 25% ±20% 18 7 ±2 70 67 10% ±3% 384 7 ±0.5 50 768 10% ±5% 138 7 ±1 50 192 10% ±8% 54 7 ±1.5 50 85 10% ±10% 35 7 ±2 50 48 20% ±3% 683 4 ±0.4 40 960 20% ±5% 246 4 ±0.8 40 240 20% ±8% 96 4 ±1 40 154 20% ±10% 61 4 ±1.5 40 68 30% ±3% 896 4 ±0.4 16 384 30% ±5% 323 4 ±0.8 16 96 30% ±8% 126 4 ±1 16 61 Non-response to a Question 30% ±10% 81 Household or Person Trip Rate 4 ±1.5 16 27
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From page 26... ...
There is evidence to suggest that the materials used to mail to households, as well as materials for households to mail back, have an effect on response rates. Further discussion of this issue is provided in Section 7.2 of the Technical Appendix.
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From page 27... ...
Further information on this is provided in Section 7.4 of the Technical Appendix. It is recommended as a standardized procedure that Caller ID be provided by the entity conducting the telephone calls -- whether a contracted survey firm, university, or government agency -- because existing data indicate that providing any ID at all may assist response rates more than being unrecognized.
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From page 28... ...
diary. The aim is usually to choose a time that is expected to interrupt relatively little travel so that respondents will not be put in the awkward situation of trying to respond about travel that had started before the start time of the diary.
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• Respondents be asked for the names of cross streets and/or landmarks during data retrieval. • Interviewers should have a good knowledge of the survey area or have access to gazetteers containing accurate addresses for shopping centers and schools.
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A count of 0 is to be used only to indicate the response that the person did not travel on the diary day. If no travel information was provided, then the value coded should be −99.
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Possible coding for varying income detail. Minimum Detail for Income Categories Minimum Coding More Detailed Categories Under $5,000 Under $10,000 00 $5,000–$9,999 $10,000 –$14,999 $10,000–$19,999 01 $15,000–$19,999 $20,000–$24,999 $20,000–$29,999 02 $25,000–$29,999 $30,000–$34,999 $30,000–$39,999 03 $35,000–$39,999 $40,000–$44,999 $40,000–$49,999 04 $45,000–$49,999 $50,000–$54,999 $50,000–$59,999 05 $55,000–$59,999 $60,000–$64,999 $60,000–$69,999 06 $65,000–$69,999 $70,000–$74,999 $70,000–$79,999 07 $75,000–$79,999 $80,000–$84,999 $80,000–$89,999 08 $85,000–$89,999 $90,000–$94,999 $90,000–$99,999 09 $95,000–$99,999 $100,000–$104,999 $100,000–$109,999 10 $105,000–$109,999 $110,000–$114,999 $110,000–$119,999 11 $115,000–$119,999 $120,000–$129,999 12 $120,000–$124,999 $125,000–$129,999 $130,000–$134,999 $130,000–$139,999 13 $135,000–$139,999 $140,000–$144,999 $140,000–$149,999 14 $145,000–$149,999 $150,000 and over 15 $150,000 and over Legitimate skip –997 Legitimate skip Don't know –998 Don't know Refused –999 Refused More Detailed Coding 000 005 010 015 020 025 030 035 040 045 050 055 060 065 070 075 080 085 090 095 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 –997 –998 –999
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From page 32... ...
Shopping for goods and services using cell phone Shopping for goods and services using Internet Using computer/telephone 016 Other specified use of computer/telephone Caring for children Teaching, training, helping children Caring for adults Caring for others 017 Other specified caring for others Paid work – main job Paid work – other job Paid work 018 Other specified at home paid work Home 01 Other specified at home activities 019 Not further defined (n.f.d.) Regular hours Overtime hours Extra hours (not paid as overtime)
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From page 33... ...
Banking/credit union Insurance Real Estate Tax or accountant Legal services Personal Business 05 Availing of/shopping for professional services 053 Other specified professional services Availing of/shopping for government/public services 054 n.f.d. Hairdresser/barber/beautician Availing of/shopping for personal services 055 Other specified personal service Medical Dental Eye care Physiotherapy Availing of/shopping for medical and health care services 056 Other specified healthcare service Availing of/shopping for rental services 057 n.f.d.
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From page 34... ...
Accompanying children to receive personal services Accompanying children to receive medical/health services Accompanying children to school, daycare centers Accompanying children to sports lessons, etc. Accompanying children to places 081 Accompanying children to other specified places Accompanying adults to receive personal services Accompanying adults to receive medical/health services Accompanying adults for shopping Accompanying adults for social activities Accompanying adults to cultural, sports and entertainment venues Accompanying adults to places 082 Accompanying adults to other specified places Code 0710 0721 0722 0723 0729 0731 0732 0733 0734 0739 0741 0742 0743 0744 0745 0746 0747 0749 0751 0752 0753 0754 0755 0756 0759 0761 0762 0763 0764 0765 0769 0771 0774 0779 0790 0811 0812 0813 0814 0819 0821 0822 0823 0824 0825 0829 Accompan- ying/ helping others and travel- related 08 Table 8.
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3. The variables should be measured as follows: – Household size: mean value; – Vehicle availability: categories of 0, 1, 2, and 3+; Primary Category Code Secondary Categories Code Tertiary Categories Pick up someone or get picked up Pick up or drop off other people/get picked up or dropped off (private car, car/van pool, shuttle/limousine)
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From page 36... ...
Expansion factors are the inverse of the sampling rate. Weighting and expansion are often combined into a single factor or weight, which reflects both the relative representativeness of each observation in the sample and the number of similar cases each observation in the sample represents in the population.
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Imputation is expected to produce the correct distribution of values for each variable even though individual imputed values are not necessarily correct. Imputation is the last resort in replacing missing or faulty data items with valid values.
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17. Contextual information -- any other information required to make a reasonable assessment of the findings and data.
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formula be adopted for the calculation of response rates for all household and personal travel surveys (Equation 2) : where SR = number of complete interviews/questionnaires, PI = number of partial interviews/questionnaires, RB = number of refusals and terminations, O = other, NC = number of non-contacts, UH = unknown if household occupied, UO = unknown other, and eA = estimated proportion of cases of unknown eligibility that are eligible (AAPOR eligibility rate: the same formula for calculating the eligibility rate is used)
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Person non-mobile rates less than 20% and household non-mobile rates of less than 1% suggest data Eligibility Eligibility Code Disposition Disposition Code Complete 1.1 Eligible Interview 1.0 Partial 1.2 Refusal and termination 2.10 Refusal 2.11 Household-level refusal 2.111 Termination 2.12 Respondent never available after call back request 2.21 Telephone answering device (message confirms residential household) 2.22 Eligible Non- Interview 2.0 Miscellaneous 2.35 Unknown if housing unit 3.10 Not attempted or worked 3.11 Always busy 3.12 No answer 3.13 Telephone answering device (don't know if housing unit)
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From page 41... ...
It is recommended that 1. Coverage error should be estimated in each future travel survey, using Equation 3: where: CE = coverage error in percent; Fx = sample population multiplied by the inverse of the sampling rate; and X ~ = population estimate from an external (reliable)
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From page 42... ...
2. The validation survey should use the following three questions: – Question 1: Did you complete the initial survey?
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If "no," terminate the validation survey. – Question 3: Select a trip that the respondent is likely to remember from among the trips reported in the initial survey and note the time spent at the destination.
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From page 44... ...
4. Has a pilot survey (or surveys)
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