Winter Highway Operations (2005) / Chapter Skim
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reports that state and local agencies spend more than $2 billion annually on snow and ice control operations and more than $5 billion annually for infrastructure repair as the result of snow and ice damage. Some of this significant infrastructure damage has been attributed to winter operations policies and practices, such as Oregon's experience with studded tire use by the public.
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Emphasis on the protection of the natural environment and minimizing impacts to the delicate balances found there have been significantly felt at the winter maintenance level. Responses to a questionnaire indicated that the use of abrasives such as sand appears to have diminished, in part, as the result of the environmental impacts associated with airborne particles generated indirectly through their use.
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