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LED Traffic Signal Monitoring, Maintenance, and Replacement Issues (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Organization of Report
Pages 2-2

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... Once installed, the cost burden for replacing LED signal modules typically lies with the transportation agency. The gradual reduction of LED light output, combined with the higher costs of replacement, may lead to LED signal modules remaining in service after falling below desirable performance levels unless the owning agency has an appropriate replacement strategy.
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