Transportation's Role in Emergency Evacuation and Reentry (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A - Emerging Knowledge and Technologies
Appendix A - Emerging Knowledge and Technologies
Pages 74-84
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From page 74... ...
They also vary by purpose. Some traffic analysts have preferred to use general-purpose traffic simulation models and adapt them to evacuation conditions, while others have tended toward special-purpose simulation packages developed specifically for emergency evacuation traffic flow modeling.
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From page 75... ...
The representation of traffic flow within macroscale models is often compared to fluid flow through a pipe. At this level of abstraction, roads only down to the functional level of collector-distributor are included and characteristics and movements of individual vehicles and people are aggregated to group averages.
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From page 76... ...
Transportation and emergency managers have used the model to analyze route selection, intersection controls, and lane management. MASSVAC was released in 1985, as a more robust and flexible simulation model designed for "the analysis and evaluation of evacuation plans for urban areas threatened by natural disasters," including floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, and other related events.
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From page 77... ...
Originally favored by emergency management agencies, it is a web-based GIS tool that assists with collection and dissemination of transportation information during an evacuation. During an emergency transportation officials in each threatened state are responsible for entering information for coastal counties on evacuation status, tourist occupancy, evacuation participation rates, and traffic count information.
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From page 78... ...
Among it strengths are its ability to: simulate networks over enormous geographic areas that may encompass thousands of square miles, as shown in • model intermodal evacuations that include pedestrian, passenger vehicle, and transit modes; • track and collect detailed statistics on millions of separate vehicles over several days; and • produce output that can be displayed over high resolution aerial photography using animations as shown in Figure A3 and graphically as shown in Figure A4.
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From page 79... ...
FIGURE A2 New Orleans evacuation simulation TRANSIMS regional road network. FIGURE A3 New Orleans evacuation simulation animation.
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From page 80... ...
Among the most significant of these drawbacks is the significant level of effort required to code, calibrate, and validate the model. Calibration is particularly difficult for evacuations because few comparative evacuation traffic data sets exist.
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From page 81... ...
Among those receiving the most significant recent interest are: • needs for assisted evacuation, • human behavioral aspects of evacuation process, • evacuation transportation planning and demand forecasting, • traffic control and management during emergencies, and • transportation resource planning and allocation. Although much of the recent work has been geared toward evacuations in urbanized areas and hurricane hazards, efforts have also been ongoing for other types of hazards including terrorist events and other scenarios with limited advanced notice.
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From page 82... ...
Chapter 2: What Have We Learned About Freeway, Incident and Emergency Management and Electronic Toll Collection? FHWA-OP-01-006 Intelligent Transportation Systems Field Operational Test Cross-Cutting Study: Emergency Notification and Response FHWA-JPO-99-033 Faster Response Time, Effective Use of Resources – Integrating Transportation and Emergency Management Systems FHWA-JPO-99-004 Speeding Response, Saving Lives – Automatic Vehicle Location Capabilities for Emergency Vehicles FHWA-JPO-99-003 Enhancing Public Safety, Saving Lives – Emergency Vehicle Preemption FHWA-JPO-99-002 Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation Systems Management and Operations: Howard Street Tunnel Fire Baltimore City Web publication only Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation Systems Management and Operations: Northridge Earthquake January 17, 1994 Web publication only Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation Systems Management and Operations: Cross-Cutting Study Web publication only Emergency Transportation Operations Planning Documents Not yet published Additional Emergency Transportation Operations - Prevention Not yet published Additional Emergency Transportation Operations - Preparedness Not yet published
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From page 83... ...
The Gulf Coast Research Center for Evacuation and Transportation Resiliency, a jointly administered effort between Louisiana State University and the University of New Orleans, will engaged efforts to forward research, education, technology transfer activities in the areas of evacuation traffic planning, modeling, and engineering; the use of mass transportation resources for evacuation; and transportation infrastructure systems to support evacuations among other tasks. Several of the national laboratories are also engaged in evacuation-related work.
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From page 84... ...
Initiated in 2000, the TRB Subcommittee on Emergency Evacuation (TRB Committee ANB10-3) , was founded to serve as the national focal point for evacuation-related transportation research activities.
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