Safety Management Systems for Airports, Volume 2: Guidebook (2009) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 62-88
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From page 62... ...
According to FAA AC 150/5200-37, "SRM is a systematic, explicit, and comprehensive approach for managing safety risk at all levels throughout the airport."(1) The SRM process ensures the following: • Hazards and other safety issues are identified and documented.
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From page 63... ...
NO YES Reactive Processes Proactive Processes Mandatory reports Incident reports Accident reports Trend analysis Hazard reports Surveys/Audits Self-Inspections Direct observations Trend analysis YES COMMUNICATE AND IMPLEMENT MITIGATION ACTIONS Is there any action to be taken? Document: Event/Situation; Hazard; or Risk Acceptance and Rationale YES NO M O N I T O R I N G P E R F O R M A N C E Equipment Environment Physical Characteristics Human Factors Procedures External Factors Organizational Factors Determine Level of Severity Determine Level of Probability Compare with Acceptable Threshold Classify and Prioritize Describe the System 1 2 4 Determine Risk3 5 Figure 6.
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From page 64... ...
The existing safety functions should steer the focus of the risk management analysis and will assist in determining potential risk control strategies. Normally, for airport hazards, a detailed physical description is not necessary.
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From page 65... ...
SRM example. Safety Risk Management 65
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From page 66... ...
Trend Analysis (Incidents) Accident Investigations Self-Inspections Occurrence Reporting Change Analysis Hazard Reporting Brainstorming Sessions Checklists Hazard Analysis Tools SMS Assessment Interviews The initial step in SRM is to identify the hazards that the airport faces in its operational environment.
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From page 67... ...
• Communications, including means, terminology, and language • Regulatory factors, including the applicability and enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment, personnel, and procedures; and the adequacy of oversight • Defenses, including detection and warning systems, and the extent to which the equipment is resilient against errors and failures • Organizational factors, such as airport policies for recruitment, training, remuneration, and allocation of resources Safety Risk Management 67 While identification of every conceivable hazard would be impractical, airports are expected to exercise due diligence in identifying significant and reasonably foreseeable hazards related to their operations. It is important that hazard identification be conducted at all levels throughout the organization, because there is often a relationship between the hazards and activities conducted in one department and another.
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From page 68... ...
Example: it would be difficult to identify all hazards leading to aircraft overruns if accidents from only one airport were evaluated • Change analysis (construction, new equipment or facility, organizational changes, new regulation, etc.) • Information from industry associations and advisory bodies • SMS publications and websites • Professional advice • Consultation and interviews with employees/stakeholders • SMS and internal safety assessments • Statistical analysis of records and performance indicators (trend analysis)
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From page 69... ...
The third column provides some general consequences associated with the specific hazard category and its components. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, but to provide some helpful information that can be used to identify additional categories, components, and potential consequences.
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From page 70... ...
Taxiway routings Traffic control, weather conditions, communication, markings • Routing errors with aircraft and vehicle collisions • Runway incursions • Low visibility • Incorrect phraseology • Human errors • Deficient marking and signing Airside ground traffic Traffic control, visibility and adverse weather conditions, communications, equipment maintenance • Vehicles and aircraft running over people • Collisions in the non-movement areas • Runway incursions and collision with aircraft • Speeding of ground vehicles • Poor equipment maintenance and malfunctions • Human errors • Incorrect phraseology Winter services procedures (de-icing, anti-icing and snow Procedures, equipment, training, materials, poor operation conditions, timing, monitoring of surface conditions, • Lack or incorrect de-icing procedures may disable aircraft ability to fly • Improper snow removal or anti-icing may lead to improper removal) reporting of surface conditions braking capability on the runway with risk of overruns and veer-offs • Asymmetric drag during operations may cause veer-offs • Poor braking performance causing collisions in movement and non-movement areas • Lack of sufficient materials • Equipment coordination disruption • Delay to employ safety measures • Low runway friction • Pilot unawareness of surface conditions Rescue and fire fighting Deficient ARFF facilities and equipment, lack of appropriate access routes, poor planning and training, lack of appropriate materials and protective equipment, poor maintenance, poor emergency awareness • Improper training can delay rescue and firefighting • Lack of appropriate access routes may delay operations • Inoperative equipment can restrict ARFF capabilities • Insufficient equipment and materials can restrict capability • Poor equipment maintenance may jeopardize effectiveness • Improper protective equipment may restrict rescue and firefighting operations • Level of protection lower than that required will restrict capability during major accidents • Lack of water rescue capability at airports close to great stretches of water or swampy areas will restrict rescue capabilities • Inappropriate facilities that provide for rest, exercise, drill, training, etc.
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From page 71... ...
, FOD and dust control, construction signage, temporary airfield signage, interference with operations and NAVAIDS, off-peak construction, construction worker training and awareness, safety and emergency plans, construction quality, construction equipment maintenance, construction OSH compliance, location of existing installations • Breakdown of construction equipment • Jet blast affecting construction area • FOD • Runway incursions • Malfunction of NAVAIDS • Damage to aircraft • Pilots, ATC, airport workers, and contractor unaware of construction and changed operation conditions • Accidental interference with existing installations • Equipment, stockpile, and construction location within airfield safety areas • Material stockpiles or construction equipment obstructing the view of ATC • Permitted times for construction not strictly followed • Displacement of construction equipment and materials by prop wash, jet blast, or wind • Edge and threshold lights for closed portions of a runway not properly disconnected or covered to prevent pilots use of the areas Wildlife hazards (birds and other wildlife) Fencing, wildlife detection systems and procedures, deterrent devices, wildlife management plan, training and equipment for wildlife control, minimization of attractants (through disposal of food and airport trash, garbage receptacles, and airport zoning)
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From page 72... ...
Frequency, personnel training, equipment • Failure to identify and report existing hazards • Runway incursions • Failure in communication procedures • Use of incorrect phraseology • Equipment malfunction Protection of NAVAIDS and related sites Fencing, vigilance, maintenance, zoning, signage • Inoperative or damaged equipment • Interference to NAVAIDS from new developments in the area • Aircraft collisions • Failure to ensure a secure and safe area • Airport closure Obstacles Signage, monitoring, awareness of pilots, and ATC • Aircraft collision with obstacles • Vehicle and equipment collisions • Presence of unreported obstacles • Change in obstacle condition • Inaccurate location and elevation of obstacle Fuel handling Operating procedures, spillage control procedures, proximity of ignition sources, supervision and training, equipment compatibility, fuel storage • Spillage • Misuse • Fire • Contamination • Damage to asphalt pavements • Environmental impacts • Improper handling and spillage control • Procedural violations • Vapor inhalation and ingestion • Downtime of resources Hazardous materials handling Handling procedures, spillage control procedures, supervision and training, storage • Spillage • Environmental impacts • Damage to equipment • Improper handling and spillage control • Procedural violations • Human injuries • Downtime periods • Airport closure Passenger handling Handling and control procedures, supervision, monitoring, operation of passenger bridges, operation of buses, evacuation procedures • Vehicles striking passengers • Slips and trips • Unawareness of airport dangers • Inadvertent or deliberate damage to aircraft and equipment • Improper use of safe routes • Running aircraft engines • Speeding of passenger buses • Passenger deviating from their designated routes Communications Communication procedures, equipment maintenance, training • Miscommunication • Incorrect use of communication devices • Incorrect phraseology • Impact on operations and emergency services • Equipment failure • Loss of coordination and control • Operator error • Loss of airport operations capabilities Airport reporting (Airport Publication Information [AIP]
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From page 73... ...
• Poor runway surface friction condition, contaminated surface (rubber build-up, ponding, ice, snow, dirt) , ungrooved pavement • Uneven or non-smooth pavement may damage aircraft equipment • Bumps, potholes, rutting • Excessive difference in elevation between adjacent areas • Malfunction of lighting system • Missing, unclear, or deteriorated markings • Lack of maintenance of aircraft arresting systems Occupational health and safety Equipment, procedures • Improper procedures • Lack of PPE Helicopter operations Segregation, location, and type of operations • Helicopter blades striking people, vehicles, and equipment • Rotor wash displacing objects Equipment maintenance and conditions Airport ground equipment, visual aids, NAVAIDS, surface movement guidance and control • Disruption of operations • Runway incursions • Runway excursions and undershoots • Collisions • Aircraft and vehicles striking people Safety Risk Management 73 (continued on next page)
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From page 74... ...
. A - Hazard Category B - Main Components C - Potential Consequences Shift work Effects on health, coordination, timing • Fatigue • Lack of concentration • Human errors • Poor duty performance Change in conditions New equipment, new aircraft, new employee, new regulation, new SOP, new or withdrawal of services, new tenant • Deficient risk assessment for new conditions • Deficient infrastructure to effect change • Untrained workers on new procedures • Employees unfamiliar with new workplace • Lack of coordination between services Landside hazards Landside traffic, parking, pedestrian crossings • Vehicle collisions • Vehicles striking pedestrians • Accidents in parking areas Passenger terminal hazards Maintenance activities, electric carts (at larger terminals)
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From page 75... ...
A follow-up discussion, eventually using the average level of the group to rate the risk, is a practical and solid way to perform this task. The group may be formed by members of an airport safety committee or, when feasible, experts can be brought in from other organizations.
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From page 76... ...
The risk matrix depicted in FAA AC 150/5200-37 has five consequence levels, five likelihood levels, and three overall risk levels represented by colors: red for high risk, yellow for medium risk, and green for low risk, defined as follows (see Figure 10) : • High -- the risk is unacceptable and the activity should be discontinued until the risk is mitigated.
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From page 77... ...
Safety Risk Management 77 Note that in this guidebook, the colors have been replaced with shading. The darkest shading represents high risk, the medium shading represents medium risk, and the lightest shading represents low risk.
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From page 78... ...
Your airport should avoid developing a risk matrix that implies a level of risk tolerability that is too generous and does not translate into what your airport actually desires. For most risk matrices there are three or four different levels of risk tolerability; however, some organizations use up to six different tolerability levels to facilitate the definition of control actions when using software management tools.
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From page 79... ...
The criteria suggested are based on the FAA Air Traffic Organization Safety Management System Manual applicable to ATC and navigation services in the National Airspace System (NAS)
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From page 80... ...
The following examples were classified according to one of the categories, either reducing likelihood or reducing consequences; however, in most cases the effect is on both the likelihood and the severity simultaneously. • Reducing Likelihood -- Implement the airport SMS -- Raise awareness and/or control (e.g., safety campaigns, NOTAMs, briefings, enforce airport rules)
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From page 81... ...
• Transferring safety management of ramp areas to airlines exclusively using those areas of the airport. While transfer of risk is theoretically an acceptable means of dealing with risk, it cannot be the only method of mitigation used to treat high risk associated with a hazard.
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From page 82... ...
When a risk is classified under an acceptable level, you are assuming that it is low enough that no mitigation action is required in the short term. Risk Control.
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From page 83... ...
As a general example for the SRM process, five hazards were assumed in an airside system, as presented in Table 11. The subsystems related to each hazard are also described to facilitate the understanding of the SRM process.
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From page 84... ...
If so, you should take the worst credible consequence as the reference for your assessment. As shown in the risk matrix in Figure 11, the likelihood varies from extremely improbable to frequent and the severity varies from no safety effect to catastrophic.
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From page 85... ...
Safety Risk Management 85 Low Risk No Safety Effect Minor Major Hazardous Catastrophic RISK MATRIX Frequent Probable Remote Extremely Remote Extremely Improbable SEVERITY L I K E L I H O O D A B 5 4 3 2 1 C D E High Risk Medium Risk 1a 2a 2b 3a 4a4b 5a 5b Figure 11. Risks classification using the risk matrix.
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From page 86... ...
86 Safety Management Systems for Airports Hazard # Description of Hazard Risk Description Risk Classification Priority 1 Runway rubber build-up (a) Aircraft departing runway 2E - High 2 2 FOD from construction (a)
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From page 87... ...
Runway incursions 3 Provide training to contractor employees Monitor activities and, if necessary, have an airport escort with the survey crew 4 Survey workers crossing movement areas (b) Jet blast effects 5 Only allow survey job on areas closed to operations None (a)
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From page 88... ...
Accidents at the ramp 3D- H Enforce and implement safety promotion campaign to address issue M Jul 6 2008 Runway incursions 2E- H Provide training to contractor employees M Jul 7 2008 Aug 31 2008 May 15 2008 4 Survey workers crossing movement areas Terminal C Dept of Operation (John C.) Jet blast effects 2C- L Only allow survey job on areas closed to operations L Aircraft engine effects 3C- M Enforce Standard Operating Procedure for aircraft arrival and departure L Aug 11 2008 Jun 21 2008 5 People approaching aircraft before anti-collision light is turned off Terminal A Terminal Manager (Lynda F.)
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