Identifying and Using Low-Cost and Quickly Implementable Ways to Address Freight-System Mobility Constraints (2010) / Chapter Skim
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the physical infrastructure and modal characteristics and (ii) freight mobility constraints.
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19 Modal Category Length or Number Highway Interstate Highway 47,344 miles National Highway System (excluding interstates) 119,896 miles Other Roads 3,849,257 miles Rail Class I RRs 94,801 miles Regional Freight Lines 16,703 miles Local Freight Lines 28,415 miles Deepwater Ports and Inland Waterways Navigable Waterway 26,000 miles Public Ports (#)
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This figure illustrates the impacts of freight mobility constraints on average truck speed. In 2008, the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies initiated project NCFRP-03, "Performance Measures for Freight Transportation" (55)
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Capacity: To examine the ability of the highway network to meet current and future freight demand, capacity analysis 21 Mode 2002 2008 2035 Total Domestic Import & Export Total Domestic Import & Export Total Domestic Import & Export Total 4,432 4,161 271 4,749 4,419 330 8,220 7,648 572 Truck 1,246 1,224 22 1,392 1,370 22 2,463 2,400 63 Rail 1,605 1,511 94 1,735 1,600 135 3,012 2,813 199 Water 612 519 93 602 502 100 909 763 146 Air, air & truck 14 4 10 17 5 12 77 13 64 Intermodal 23 4 20 27 3 24 47 6 41 Pipeline & unknown 932 900 32 977 939 38 1,712 1,653 59 Table 5. National summary of freight ton-miles (billions)
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The following observations can be made: • About 3 percent of NHS miles exceeded the capacity in 2002, and this is estimated to increase to about 26 percent in 2035. • In 2002, 320 miles of rural Interstate exceeded the capacity, and the miles with heavy congestion are expected to increase to 9,442 miles in 2035, which represents 30 percent of the total rural Interstate miles.
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. Commercial motor vehicles are further grouped by gross vehicle 23 0 20 40 60 80 Urban Interstate Rural Interstate Urban NonInterstate Rural NonInterstate Pe rc en ta ge o f H ig hw ay 2002 2035 Figure 6.
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According to the 2008 updates to the FAF commodity O-D database, Table 6 shows the top five commodities for domestic movements by trucks in terms of tonnage and value. Vehicle Miles Traveled: According to FHWA, in 2005 commercial trucks traveled an average of 13.7 percent of total rural VMT and 7.1 percent of total urban VMT (11)
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. Investment: As private enterprises operating both owned equipment and infrastructure, American railroads must raise From 1999 to 2004, annual truck VMT for all classes of trucks grew at an average rate of 3 percent year to year.
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ICC Regulation Impact of Rail De-Regulation 2.5 to 3-fold Improve- ment in Productivity Doubling of Volume Total Revenue Growth Initially Constrained by Lower Prices 50% Lower Prices Figure 8. Performance of the American railroad post-Staggers Act of 1980 (62)
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These trends indicate that: • The Class I railroads are only 7 out of more than 500 U.S. railroads but they handle 93 percent of rail freight in the United States (45)
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Railroads carry a broad range of commodities, with vastly different shipping characteristics, intrinsic value, and geo28 a b Note: Level of Service (LOS) A through F approximates the conditions described in Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity Manual 2000.
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Approximately 38 percent of connector miles needed pavement work, which includes resurfacing and reconstruction of lanes and shoulders. The most frequently cited deficiencies of the intermodal connectors were problems with shoulders, inadequate turning radii, and inadequate lane width.
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The internationally accepted descriptions of cargo types are listed below (70) : • Bulk: Homogeneous cargo that is stowed loose in the hold of a ship and is not enclosed in a shipping container or box, bale, bag, cask, or the like • Break Bulk: Conventional, non-containerized cargo that is shipped in units of one (such as non-containerized machin30 Mode Rank In Terms of Tonnage In Terms of Value Air & Truck 1 Machinery Electronics 2 Electronics Machinery 3 Chemical products Precision instruments 4 Textiles/leather Misc.
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• Operating port. At an operating port, such as Charleston, South Carolina, the port authority builds the wharves, owns the cranes and cargo-handling equipment, and hires the labor to move cargo in terminal storage sheds and yards.
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Table 14 lists the top five commodities shipped in 2008 as either imports or exports regardless of the type of vessel. These figures represent all waterborne foreign trade and include containerized, bulk, break bulk, and all other types of cargo.
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The respondents were asked to evaluate U.S. ports in comparison to Canadian ports according to 14 features common to most container ports.
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Employment in water transportation and port services, 2002–2007 (Thousand Jobs)
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tion segment, a total of 64,300 jobs were found providing services along the inland waterways, ocean, coastal waterways, and lakes in positions that were not classified as port services. Of this total for 2007, 24,300 are employed in the inland waterway industry segment.
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• Ohio River • Illinois River • Missouri River • Arkansas-White-Red-Ouachita Rivers • Southeast Rivers (Tennessee, Tennessee-Tombigbee, Black Warrior-Tombigbee, Coosa, Alabama, Tri-Rivers) • Gulf Intracoastal • Pacific Coast (Columbia, Snake, Sacramento, Vancouver)
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They note that certain types of analysis can be done on a system-wide level, but that when it is desirable or necessary to focus on only certain segments, it is best to focus on the Mississippi River Basin, Ohio River Basin, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, and the Columbia-Snake River System (80)
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. Mississippi Main Stem 50% Ohio River 27% Columbia Snake 6% Gulf Intracoast Waterway 12% Other 5% Figure 12.
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39 U.S. Inland Waterways Stakeholder Groups Riverside/Great Lakes/Coastal & Intracoastal Waterways Landside at Terminal Related Industrial and Economic Develo pment Areas Pipelines Federal Agencies and Elected Officials 1 X X X X State Agencies and Elected Officials X X X X Local Agencies and Elected Officials X X X Public Citizens and Neighborhood Organizations X X X X Port Authorities X X X X Terminal Op erator X X X X Carriers X X X Shippers X x X X Labor -- Unionized X X X X Labor -- Non - Union X X Railroads X X Trucking Companies X X Customs Brokers X X Logistic Providers X X X Insurance Providers X X X X Warehousing X Grain and Raw Mate rial Elevator Operators X X Fuel Suppliers X X X Petrochemical and Petroleum Industry X X X X Maintenance Companies X Engineers X X X Security Firms X X X Technology Firms X X X X Pilots X Tribal Organizations X X 1 - Federal agencies include the U.S.
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