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From page 3... ... Environmental protection agencies and regulators worldwide are exerting increasing pressure on airports and operators to be accountable, and the high costs associated with the use of glycol have made many airlines examine the current way of doing business. Objective The objective of ACRP Project 10-01 was to identify procedures and technologies that optimize the use of ADAFs, thus reducing their environmental impact while assuring safe aircraft operations in deicing and anti-icing conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 4... ... Aircraft Ground Deicing Technical Reports Thirty-seven aircraft ground deicing technical reports were reviewed. In the initial step, the reports were grouped into these areas of interest to facilitate the presentation of report review findings: • Deicing Procedures -- Fluid Freeze Point Buffer Requirements; • Aircraft Anti-Icing Fluid Characteristics; • Ice Detection Sensors; • Alternative Deicing Approaches: – Hot Water; – Forced Air Systems; – Warm Fuel; – Mobile Infrared System; and – Tempered Steam. Read the entire page →
From page 5... ... Most of the patents reviewed applied to de/anti-icing fluid formulation, de/anti-icing vehicle configuration, ice detection sensors, deicing sprayers, onboard deicing systems, and nonglycol deicing technologies. Only a few potential technologies and procedures were identified for further examination from the patent review. Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... Reduction of fluid buffer for deicing-only conditions. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces and Item 8, Use of the Intertechnique Ice Detection Evaluation System (IDES) system to detect ice adherence and fluid condition on aircraft surfaces, were combined under the title, Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... Implementation of holdover time determination systems: Airport systems, such as D-Ice A/S Deicing Information System and NCAR Checktime, which measure meteorological parameters at airport sites for use in scientific computations to enhance the accuracy of fluid holdover times, thus facilitating better de/anti-icing fluid selection; 8 # Item from Preliminary List Reason for Elimination 3 Use of heated Type II and IV fluids as an overspray to support the use of a more dilute first-step deicing fluid May require development of additional set of holdover time values for heated fluids 5 Development of means of determining de/anti-icing fluid failure (adhere to surface) as opposed to identifying failure by visual indications Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 9 Use of warmed fuel to protect wings against precipitation and frost contamination Doesn't offer significant environmental or operational enhancement 12 Development and publication of holdover time guidelines for heated Type III fluid Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 13 Documentation of guidelines to ensure that adequate quality control checks are conducted on the fluids and on deicing procedures Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 14 Implementation and monitoring of quality control checks and operational deicing procedures at airports Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 15 Determination of optimum spray equipment and technique to reduce the shearing effect associated with spraying Type II/IV fluid Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 17 Development of a simulation model to evaluate wing exposure to wind and snow catch associated with the use of different runways Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 18 Reduction of delays at the deicing pad following completion of the anti-icing application through documentation of best practices Doesn't offer significant environmental enhancement 19 Protection of holdover time as opposed to noise abatement when assigning departure runways during deicing events Little flexibility is available in the process of assigning runways during deicing conditions 20 Protection of holdover time as opposed to noise abatement when assigning departure runways during snowstorm events Little chance of success and limited environmental enhancement 22 Use of onboard or ground-based lasers to deice aircraft Technological and implementation challenges 26 Use of ice-phobic or hydrophobic coatings to protect aircraft surfaces from adhering contamination Technological and operational challenges Table 3. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... The development of the list of analytical criteria considered the following: • Safety enhancement due to the implementation of the optimization technology or procedure; • Effectiveness of the optimization technology or procedure; • Reliability of the optimization technology or procedure; • Capital costs of the optimization technology or procedure; • Operating costs of the optimization technology or procedure; 9 Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 17 61 22 9. Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 0 58 42 10. Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... Capital Cost: This criterion is simply the capital costs needed to implement the technology or procedure; 2. Operating Cost: This criterion includes the operating costs that would result from the implementation of the technology or procedure, and this would include costs such as heating, maintenance, management/personnel, fluid costs, etc.; 3. Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... The capital cost, therefore, is the same for all these cases. As there were three items involved, in total they 12 Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Capital cost Operating cost X Capital cost Environmental impact X Capital cost Operational efficiency X Capital cost Maturity X Capital cost Training X Capital cost Safety X Operating cost Environmental impact X Operating cost Operational efficiency X Operating cost X Maturity Operating cost X Training Operating cost Safety X Environmental impact Operational efficiency X Environmental impact X Maturity Environmental impact X Training Environmental impact Safety X Operational efficiency X Maturity Operational efficiency X Training Operational efficiency Safety X Maturity Training X Maturity Safety X Training Safety X Table 5. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... Item 10, Item 14, and Item 16 all involve a reduction in de/anti-icing fluid costs, with no additional operational expenditure. 13 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Capital Cost Rank Capital Cost % 10 Spot deicing for frost 16.0 9.4% 14 Type III fluids 16.0 9.4% 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 16.0 9.4% 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 16.0 9.4% 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 16.0 9.4% 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 12.0 7.0% 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 12.0 7.0% 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 12.0 7.0% 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 10.0 5.8% 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 9.0 5.3% 11 Spray-and-go deicing 8.0 4.7% 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 7.0 4.1% 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 6.0 3.5% 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 5.0 2.9% 9 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 4.0 2.3% 13 Threshold deicing 3.0 1.8% 8 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 2.0 1.2% 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 1.0 0.6% TOTAL 171.0 100.0% Table 7. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 14 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Operating Cost Rank Operating Cost % 10 Spot deicing for frost 18.0 10.5% 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 17.0 9.9% 14 Type III fluids 16.0 9.4% 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 15.0 8.8% 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 14.0 8.2% 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 13.0 7.6% 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 12.0 7.0% 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 11.0 6.4% 11 Spray-and-go deicing 10.0 5.8% 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 9.0 5.3% 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 8.0 4.7% 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 7.0 4.1% 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 6.0 3.5% 9 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 5.0 2.9% 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 4.0 2.3% 8 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 3.0 1.8% 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 2.0 1.2% 13 Threshold deicing 1.0 0.6% TOTAL 171.0 100.0% Table 8. Ranking of technologies and procedures by operating cost. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... Items 8 and 9, which pertain to remote or point ice detection sensors, might actually increase the impact on environment by leading to more returns for repeated deicing. Maturity. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... The ranking of items against safety was found to be the most challenging. None of the approaches were perceived to be unsafe, otherwise they would 16 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Environmental Impact Rank Environmental Impact % 10 Spot deicing for frost 18.0 10.5% 13 Threshold deicing 17.0 9.9% 11 Spray-and-go deicing 16.0 9.4% 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 15.0 8.8% 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 14.0 8.2% 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 13.0 7.6% 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 12.0 7.0% 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 11.0 6.4% 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 10.0 5.8% 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 9.0 5.3% 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 8.0 4.7% 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 7.0 4.1% 14 Type III fluids 6.0 3.5% 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 5.0 2.9% 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 4.0 2.3% 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 3.0 1.8% 9 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 2.0 1.2% 8 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 1.0 0.6% TOTAL 171.0 100.0% Table 10. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Application of the weights in Table 16 to the technology and procedure 17 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Rating 1 Blowers & mechanical means to remove dry contamination Yes 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction No 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction No 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding Yes 5 Forced air to remove contamination Yes 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems Pending 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids No 8 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces No 9 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway No 10 Spot deicing for frost Yes 11 Spray-and-go deicing Yes 12 Tempered Steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool Pending 13 Threshold deicing Yes 14 Type III fluids Yes 15 Use of 10°C Type I BUFFER Yes 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions Yes 17 Use of Infrared deicing technology Yes 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process N/A Table 11. Maturity of technologies and procedures versus guidance material. Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... 18 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Maturity Rank Maturity % 10 Spot deicing for frost 15.5 9.1% 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 15.5 9.1% 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 15.5 9.1% 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 15.5 9.1% 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 15.5 9.1% 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 15.5 9.1% 11 Spray-and-go deicing 11.5 6.7% 13 Threshold deicing 11.5 6.7% 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 10.0 5.8% 14 Type III fluids 9.0 5.3% 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 7.5 4.4% 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 7.5 4.4% 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 6.0 3.5% 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 5.0 2.9% 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 4.0 2.3% 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 3.0 1.8% 8 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 2.0 1.2% 9 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 1.0 0.6% TOTAL 171.0 100.0% Table 12. Ranking of technologies and procedures by maturity. Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... 19 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Operational Efficiency Rank Operational Efficiency % 10 Spot deicing for frost 18.0 10.5 11 Spray-and-go deicing 17.0 9.9 13 Threshold deicing 16.0 9.4 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 15.0 8.8 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 14.0 8.2 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 13.0 7.6 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 12.0 7.0 14 Type III fluids 11.0 6.4 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 10.0 5.8 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 9.0 5.3 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 8.0 4.7 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 7.0 4.1 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 6.0 3.5 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 5.0 2.9 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 4.0 2.3 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 3.0 1.8 8 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 2.0 1.2 9 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 1.0 0.6 TOTAL 171.0 100.0% Table 13. Ranking of technologies and procedures by operational efficiency. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... 20 Item # Optimization Technology or Procedure Safety Rank Safety % 11 Spray-and-go deicing 15.5 9.1 13 Threshold deicing 15.5 9.1 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 15.5 9.1 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 15.5 9.1 8 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 15.5 9.1 9 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 15.5 9.1 10 Spot deicing for frost 8.0 4.7 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 8.0 4.7 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 8.0 4.7 14 Type III fluids 8.0 4.7 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 8.0 4.7 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 8.0 4.7 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 8.0 4.7 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 8.0 4.7 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 8.0 4.7 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 2.0 1.2 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 2.0 1.2 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 2.0 1.2 TOTAL 171.0 100.0% Table 14. Ranking of technologies and procedures by safety. Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... 10 Spot deicing for frost 0.3 1.5 1.9 2.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 8.7 11 Spray -and-go deicing 0.2 0.8 1.7 2.1 0.5 0.8 2.3 8.3 13 Threshold deicing 0.1 0.1 1.8 2.0 0.5 0.8 2.3 7.5 5 Forced air used to remov e contamination 0.2 1.1 1.4 1.6 0.6 0.7 1.2 6.8 6 Implementation of holdov er time determina tion sy ste ms 0.1 1.2 0.8 1.9 0.3 0.1 2.3 6.6 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 0.2 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.2 6.5 14 Ty pe III fluids 0.3 1.3 0.6 1.4 0.4 1.0 1.2 6.3 12 Tempered steam as a non-gly col gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 0.1 1.0 1.5 1.8 0.2 0.4 1.2 6.1 15 Use of 10°C Ty pe I buffer 0.3 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.2 5.8 1 Blow ers and/or other mechanical means to remov e dry contamina tion 0.3 0.9 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 5.6 7 Non-gly col freeze point depressant fluids 0.3 0.5 1.6 0.8 0.1 1.0 1.2 5.5 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prev ent bonding 0.3 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.2 5.3 18 Use of w eather forecasting products for deicing process 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.1 2.3 4.6 2 Deicing-only flu id buffer reduction 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 3.6 9 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runw ay 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.3 3.6 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.2 3.4 8 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.3 3.0 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.0 TOT AL 3.6% 14.3% 17.9% 21.4% 7.1% 10.7% 25.0% 100.0% Table 15. Overall ranking of technologies and procedures. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... This eliminated the bottom eight ranked technologies and procedures: • Item 2, Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction; • Item 3, First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction; • Item 4, Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding; • Item 7, Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids; • Item 8, Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces; • Item 9, Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway; • Item 17, Use of infrared deicing technology; and • Item 18, Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process. The remaining technologies and procedures were then grouped into two categories: 22 Criteri a Decision Scores Score+1 Weight % Capital Cost 3 4 14. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... Focus Group Rank APS Rank 10 Spot deicing for frost 8.7 8.5 1 1 11 Spray-and-go deicing 8.3 7.7 2 2 13 Threshold deicing 7.5 6.7 3 4 5 Forced air used to remove contamination 6.8 6.9 4 3 6 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 6.6 6.3 5 9 16 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 6.5 6.5 6 5 14 Type III fluids 6.3 6.4 7 7 12 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 6.1 5.1 8 11 15 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 5.8 6.5 9 6 1 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 5.6 6.2 10 10 7 Non-glycol freeze point depressant fluids 5.5 4.9 11 12 4 Fluids applied before the start of precipitation to prevent bonding 5.3 6.3 12 8 18 Use of weather forecasting products for deicing process 4.6 4.9 13 13 2 Deicing-only fluid buffer reduction 3.6% 4.1% 14 14 9 Remote ice detection sensors to scan aircraft critical surfaces before departure runway 3.6 3.5 15 15 17 Use of infrared deicing technology 3.4 3.2 16 17 8 Point detection sensors to indicate fluid condition and contamination on aircraft surfaces 3.0 3.0 17 18 3 First-step deicing fluid buffer reduction 3.0 3.5 18 16 Table 17. Comparison of focus group and APS ranking of technologies and procedures. Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... and Hunt, M., Ice Detection Sensor Capabilities for End-of-Runway Wing Checks: Phase 2 Evaluation, APS Avi24 Rank Optimization Technology or Procedure Item # Type of Activity 1 Spot deicing for frost 10 Quick Hit 2 Spray-and-go deicing 11 Quick Hit 3 Threshold deicing 13 Quick Hit 4 Forced air used to remove contamination 5 Quick Hit 5 Implementation of holdover time determination systems 6 Research 6 Use of anti-icing fluid dilutions 16 Quick Hit 7 Type III fluids 14 Quick Hit 8 Tempered steam as a non-glycol gate deicing or pre-deicing tool 12 Research 9 Use of 10°C Type I buffer 15 Quick Hit 10 Blowers and/or other mechanical means to remove dry contamination 1 Quick Hit Table 18. Top 10 ranking de/anti-icing technologies and procedures. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... . Chaput, M., APS Development of Holdover Time Guidelines for Type III Fluids, APS Aviation Inc., Montreal, Canada, Transportation Development Centre report TP 14379E (2004) Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... and Vepsa, K., Aircraft Ground Icing General and Exploratory Research Activities for the 2003–04 Winter, APS Aviation Inc., Montreal, Canada, Transportation Development Centre report TP 14381E Winter (not yet published) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... /International Air Transport Association (IATA) Safety Committee, Manual of Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-icing Operations, Second Edition, International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada, Document 9640 (2000) Read the entire page →

From page 3...

... Environmental protection agencies and regulators worldwide are exerting increasing pressure on airports and operators to be accountable, and the high costs associated with the use of glycol have made many airlines examine the current way of doing business. Objective The objective of ACRP Project 10-01 was to identify procedures and technologies that optimize the use of ADAFs, thus reducing their environmental impact while assuring safe aircraft operations in deicing and anti-icing conditions.