Engineering and the Advancement of Human Welfare 10 Outstanding Achievements 1964-1989 (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Moon Landing
Moon Landing
Pages 4-9
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From page 4... ...
A laser reflector left by Apollo 11 astronauts is still being used to measure the earth-to-moon distance and study the movement of continents. The feat of landing men on the moon and returning them safely home ranks the Apollo project with the Egyptian pyramids, the Panama Canal, and the Manhattan Project as outstanding engineering achievements of all time.
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The Saturn/Apollo system was composed of an Apollo spacecraft, a lunar lander, 1 M O O N L A N ~ I N G I Apollo ~ 7 is readied for a nighttime launch toward the moon, peeking out from the clouds beyond. The spacecraft carried the first scientist to the moon and was the only one launched at night in the Apollo series.
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Buildings shook and the ground trembled when a Saturn V rocket roared skyward with the first trio of astronauts heading for lunar orbit in December 1968. The rocket developed roughly enough thrust to hurl a small house into earth orbit.
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They were combined in single subsystems, called inertial measurement units, or IMUs, which measured movement along, as well as off, the desired course due to rocket thrust or atmospheric resistance. When leaving or approaching the earth or moon, IMUs were critical for making quick guidance decisions.
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spandex with a network of plastic tubes Right: Dressed in a three- filled with water circulating from the piece space suit, an Apollo T ~backpack. The next piece was the basic suit, a astronaut climbs down a leg rubber_cOated nylon bladder sandwiched ~ of the lunar lander and hops I s - __ onto the hard, dusty surface between a cloth lining and a nylon cover to of the moon.
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This documentation was especially valuable when, for instance, during the unmanned second Apollo flight, the first-stage engines began to flicker, a piece of an aluminum panel fell off, and two second-stage engines quit early. By comparing flight instrument data with the documentation, engineers were able to find the problems, simulate them on the ground, and correct them with enough confidence to go ahead with the next flight the first with astronauts aboard.
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