Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership Fourth Report (2013) / Chapter Skim
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4 Hydrogen, Alternative Fuels, and Electricity
4 Hydrogen, Alternative Fuels, and Electricity
Pages 112-143
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From page 112... ...
FUEL PATHWAYS Strategic Input Needed from Executive Steering Group One of the challenges of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership is to have critical fuels and vehicle technologies both commercially ready so that the required fuels can be in place when vehicles with advanced technologies become available in the marketplace.
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From page 113... ...
DRIVE Partnership strategically. The Fuel Cell Technologies Program (FCTP)
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From page 114... ...
on-site generation of hydrogen at the fueling site using natural gas reforming or electrolysis of water. Hydrogen demand for transportation would thus be satisfied by combinations of centralized and on-site hydrogen production.
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From page 115... ...
DRIVE Partnership in the identification and evaluation of implementation scenarios for fuel cell technology pathways in the transportation sector, both during the transition period and in the long term, by (1) analyzing issues associated with complete hydrogen production, distribution, and dispensing pathways; (2)
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From page 116... ...
In this time of budget restraints, the program of the fuel pathway integration technical team should be adequately supported in order to continue providing this important strategic input. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION The hydrogen production program includes hydrogen generation from a wide range of primary energy sources, including natural gas, coal, biomass, solar, and wind.
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From page 117... ...
Dillich, Department of Energy, "Hydrogen Production Technical Team (HPTT) ," presentation to the committee, January 26, 2012, Washington, D.C.
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From page 118... ...
The DOE program plan for coal speaks of "transitioning from hydrogen production for transportation applications to electric power applications," but the technology remains relevant for central station hydrogen, either exclusively for transportation or (more likely) for the coproduction of electricity and vehicular hydrogen, and various approaches to purification of product hydrogen are being investigated.
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From page 119... ...
In addition, the type of biomass employed -- for example, cellulosics, lignins, and so on -- and variability of that feed will affect the gasification process. Conclusions Regarding Hydrogen Production from Coal and Biomass The chief issues for both the coal and biomass feedstocks center around capital cost, an observation made in the NRC (2008, p.
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From page 120... ...
Although the membrane process has received the most attention in recent years, the alkaline process is the most commonly utilized, especially in large-scale industrial applications. The attractiveness and potential benefit to the fuel cell community stem from the fact that high-purity hydrogen can be generated by a relatively simple process and sited in geographical locations where other hydrogen generation processes are not feasible.
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From page 121... ...
Dillich, Department of Energy, "Hydrogen Production Technical Team (HPTT) ," presentation to the committee, January 26, 2012, Washington, D.C.
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From page 122... ...
Appropriateness of DOE Funding. The operating and capital costs of electrolyzers as presented in Table 4-1 and Figure 4-1 must be reduced if they are to become a viable option and the hydrogen cost targets of $2 to $4/kg H2 are to be met.
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From page 123... ...
Technical development and systems analysis on highpressure electrolytic hydrogen production should be supported to determine the costs, scalability, benefits, and developmental steps required to make it viable compared with conventional compression. With the goal of eliminating mechanical compression, additional work should be done on high-pressure electrolysis that can produce pressures of 84 MPa to 98 MPa (12,000 to 14,000 psi)
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From page 124... ...
If successful, these approaches have the potential to reduce the energy requirement for hydrogen production, dependence on fossil fuels, and carbon emissions. These approaches include high-temperature water splitting, PEC processes, solar thermal conversion, and biological generation.
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Interactions with JCAP are encouraged so as to disseminate fundamental catalysis knowledge on hydrogen generation processes currently under study. Biological Generation of Hydrogen Biological generation (Lee et al., 2010; Hallenbeck et al., 2012)
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From page 126... ...
In principle, it might be possible to carry out the entire hydrogen production with only photosystem II, which would virtually double the production rate of hydrogen. However, no suitable catalyst has been found that can achieve that single-step generation, and so processes potentially available now all require both photosystems and hence a low production rate.
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From page 127... ...
The yields are still low; CO2 is a major, unavoidable by-product; and the substrates are expensive at this time; thus, it does not currently appear to be one of the most attractive among the biological approaches to hydrogen generation. Algae can produce hydrogen, and DOE is currently supporting two projects to investigate this direction.
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From page 128... ...
As a result, communication between the vehicle and the refueling dispenser is required so that pressure and temperature can be monitored and controlled. This program is advised by the hydrogen delivery technical team, with membership from DOE, five energy companies, the U.S.
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DRIVE Partnership is on developing technologies for HFCVs and hydrogen production, BEVs and PHEVs that can connect to the electric grid, and improved internal combustion engine (ICE) systems.
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DRIVE Partnership, which has a focus on the combustion technology, and the Biomass Program can be useful in helping the management of both programs better assess the state of development of the different vehicle/biofuel pathway approaches and understand how and when commercial deployment of large quantities of biofuels could occur. The three primary alternate vehicle/fuel pathways (HFCVs, BEVs and PHEVs that can plug into the electric grid, and biofuels for ICEs)
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From page 131... ...
DRIVE Partnership in this scenario is different from the Partnership role in the past, when ethanol appeared to be a larger-volume possibility and more considerations were needed for higher ethanol fuel blends and problems with distributing ethanol. There is a continuing need for future biofuels, which have been and will continue to change in type and quality, to be compatible with the evolving ICE developments.
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3. Replacing coal with natural gas in power generation lowers the GHG emissions of the electricity used to power BEVs and PHEVS and to produce hydrogen using electrolysis.
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Although an attractive opportunity exists based on the current and midterm supply of natural gas, cost, and GHG emissions compared with those related to gasoline, the very long term role in the entire LDV fleet for the CNG vehicle is not clear. The lower GHG emissions compared with those from gasoline are beneficial but are not large enough to reach the 2050 goal of 80 percent reduction from 2005 levels without significant increases in ICE vehicle efficiency and/or reduction in vehicle miles traveled.
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DRIVE Partnership to ensure the most rapid, environmentally benign market penetration and cost-effective penetration of plug-in vehicles. Three Consequential Uncertainties Even though the national grid appears adequate, the three uncertainties listed above remain.
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Leadership from DOE and the U.S. DRIVE Partnership will prove essential for their timely and effective resolution.
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Thus, fast charging might accelerate market penetration if it can be accommodated on the vehicle. However, this practice poses a power challenge, as distinct from an energy challenge, to the grid.
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A DOE strategy that would exercise leadership from the national perspective will be essential for the prompt and efficient deployment of an electric charging infrastructure. The kind of leadership needed cannot be left to the grid interaction technical team alone.
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NRC Phase 3 Recommendation 4-3. The Fuel Cell Technologies program should adjust its Technology Roadmap to account for the possibility that CO2 sequestration will not enable a midterm readiness for commercial hydrogen production from coal.
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123.] m The DOE and the hydrogen production technical team continue to evaluate whether biomass-based pathways can meet the hydrogen production cost targets and have conducted an independent review of these costs.
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The committee believes that DOE should either increase funding consistent with the technical challenges or discontinue the effort. NRC Phase 3 Recommendation 4-9.
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The Partnership should examine the goals for the photolytic approach to producing hydrogen using microorgan isms and formulate a vision with defined targets. Otherwise, this approach should be deemphasized as an active research area for hydrogen production.
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2010. Biological hydrogen production: prospects and challenges.
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From page 143... ...
State-of-the-Art Hydrogen Production Cost Estimate Using Water Elec trolysis.
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