National Patterns of R&D Resources Future Directions for Content and Methods: Summary of a Workshop (2013) / Chapter Skim
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3 Users' Needs
3 Users' Needs
Pages 27-48
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From page 27... ...
the categorization of R&D by science and engineering fields, and (3) the tabulation of capital expenditures in support of R&D.
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; David Mowery, University of C alifornia, Berkeley; Martin Grueber, Battelle; Charles Larson, Innovation Research International; and David Goldston, Natural Resources Defense Council. Kei Koizumi Kei Koizumi summarized the use of National Patterns data by OSTP.
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Also, he said, National Patterns helps in widening a myopic view of many of the policy makers who focus entirely on the R&D-to-GDP ratio. National Patterns tabulations go beyond this single indicator and provide information on underlying structural changes, such as the rise in the share of academic-funded R&D or the recent decline in R&D performed by large-sized firms (see National Science Foundation and National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, 2005, Table 7)
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The series went back to its original statistical displays in 1998, but in 1999 it reverted back to the 1997 format and has continued that format. In addition, there has been a reduction in the number of tables, as less infor mation has been provided in the data updates.
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In terms of dissemination policy, Mowery suggested that National Patterns be made a biennial publication coming out in those years when Science and Engineering Indicators is not published and be a complement to it. Martin Grueber Martin Grueber represented users who are familiar with the individual cell entries of National Patterns tabulations and their quality, given that his job is to forecast global R&D funding.
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Grueber also acknowledged that the time series from National Patterns helps him validate various homogeneity assumptions, assuming that the ratios of elements of the source-performing matrix are stable over time. Grueber said that he relies not only on data from the National Science Foundation (NSF)
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TABLE 3-1 R&D Funding Source and R&D Performer Matrix 33 SOURCE: Grueber and Studt (2011, Table 4)
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4 National Patterns captures the R&D contribution from state and local governments to academic institutions and the business sector. State and local government is formally a part of the funding sources tracked in the academic and business R&D surveys, but the numbers are not reported explicitly: see National Science Foundation (2013, Table 3 Notes)
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Larson noted that in the world competitiveness rankings produced by the IMD Business School in Switzerland, the United States was the top competitive nation from 1995 to 2011 but came in second to Hong Kong in 2012.5 Institutions and policies that encourage economic freedom and entrepreneurship are the hallmarks of U.S. competitiveness, he said.
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He added that collecting data on the impact of risk, seed capital, and labor regulations on investment in innovation can be of tremendous value to businesses and for informing economic and financial policy decisions. The recent report, Rising to the National Challenge: U.S.
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Responding to Koizumi's presentation that policy makers are very much focused on the ratio of R&D to GDP, Goldston expressed concern that it is a myopic view. The meaning of that ratio is not very clear to economists, industrial researchers, or science and technology policy makers.
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ADVANCES IN INTERNATIONAL COMPARABILITY OF NATIONAL PATTERNS DATA AND REPORTS This workshop session featured presentations by Fernando GalindoRueda, head of the Science and Technology Indicators Unit at OECD's Directorate of Science, Technology and Industry, and John Jankowski, director of the R&D statistics program at NCSES. Because Jankowski's presentation was primarily a response to Galindo-Rueda's comments on NCSES's R&D statistics, it is discussed in Chapter 2.
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This results in an underestimate of total R&D expenditures for the United States relative to other countries. Galindo-Rueda suggested additional reporting for capital expenditures, which is now feasible for the business sector because NCSES's BRDIS asks survey respondents for this information.
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United States. Data are derived from OECD's main science and technology indicators database.
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Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems and in the management of such projects. Technicians are staff whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience and they perform scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and opera tional methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.
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This section is imporuropean Union 27 member states,in all countries as international benchmarking of tant to domestic users G-20 = group of finance ministers R&D efforts has been one of the main purposes of R&D data reporting. overnors from 20 major economies, GDP – gross domestic product, mestic expenditures on R&D, OECD = Organisation for Economic Coelopment, PPP = purchasing power parity.
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GERD estimate. GalindoRueda said that NCSES may want to continue publishing a figure of R&D expenditures that incorporates capital depreciation costs to maintain the time series comparability, while reporting an improved GERD estimate in line with the Frascati Manual guidelines using the newly available data.
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indicators on payments and receipts for R&D services between the United States and other countries by using the BRDIS data on firms' domestic and foreign activities. The panel also recommended that NCSES host working groups to further develop subnational STI indicators and to fund exploratory activi
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HOW TO IMPROVE NATIONAL PATTERNS: DISCUSSION One impression that was evident from these sessions is that the user community of National Patterns is heterogeneous regarding the specific areas users would like to see addressed in this series of reports and that satisfying all users would be a challenge. Yet the current National Patterns reports have clearly been successful in satisfying user needs by providing quality information, including at considerable levels of detail when justified by data quality.
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Regarding timeliness, Karen Kafadar wondered whether NCSES could produce flash estimates or preliminary estimates with uncertainty bounds. Koizumi said that he would be happy to receive earlier estimates of the R&D-to-GDP ratio and added that policy makers are used to revisions in unemployment and job figures released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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NCSES, as a federal statistical agency, designs and conducts surveys to collect data that are relevant to various policy questions. Hill further added that the analytical program of the agency needs to be given importance so that the data products are in line with user community's demands.
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Fealing said that R&D expenditure and funding measures the outputs and inputs of science and engineering enterprise and that measuring effects and spillover of R&D is the next research frontier. Stephanie Shipp added that statistical agencies design surveys to answer specific policy questions, a retrospective approach.
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