National Patterns of R&D Resources Future Directions for Content and Methods: Summary of a Workshop (2013) / Chapter Skim
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6 Presentation of Information in *National Patterns*
6 Presentation of Information in *National Patterns*
Pages 80-89
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From page 80... ...
He discussed the work he has done for federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National Cancer Institute, and how spatial and longitudinal data could be displayed in a more informative way for National Patterns users. BASIC PRINCIPLES AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE Carr began by offering his four design principles for statistical graphics, two focusing on content and two on presentation: 1.
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From page 81... ...
Cognitive strengths include adjustable visual queries, parallel processing of visual and auditory systems, and for some tasks the ability to adapt and learn. This ranges from the priming of neurons to respond faster when a similar pattern appears to training based on the reduction of the cognitive effort associated with learning new tasks.
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From page 82... ...
TABLE 6-1 Proposed Presentation of R&D Expenditures by Performing Sector and Source of Funds Over Time 82 Dollar Units: Current Millions Table 2. US Basic Research Expenditures Years: 1953−2008 By Performance Sectors and Funding Sources All Federal Industry Industry U&C U&C Other nonprofit organizations Nonprofit Performers FFRDCs FFRDCs FFRDCs All Federal Total Federal Industry Total Total Federal Other Industry U&C Other Total Total Federal Industry nonProfit Total Sources G G G G Government Nonprofit G G G 1953 460 102 151 19 132 NA 123 82 7 13 6 16 36 48 27 9 12 NA 1954 509 96 166 23 143 NA 148 97 10 15 8 18 44 55 31 11 13 NA 1955 579 98 189 27 162 NA 180 117 14 17 12 21 50 63 36 13 14 NA 1956 718 114 253 37 216 NA 220 143 19 20 15 24 58 74 42 15 17 NA 1957 814 124 271 41 230 NA 261 167 25 23 20 27 72 87 49 15 23 NA 1958 944 149 295 43 252 NA 312 202 31 24 24 31 85 103 59 16 28 NA 1959 1,087 165 320 72 248 NA 388 263 38 24 28 36 95 120 72 18 30 NA 1960 1,286 184 376 79 297 NA 485 341 45 25 33 41 106 136 85 21 30 NA 1961 1,512 230 395 81 314 NA 598 432 54 25 40 48 126 164 105 22 37 NA 1962 1,824 252 488 143 345 NA 737 546 64 25 48 55 148 200 130 24 46 NA 1963 2,115 285 522 147 375 NA 909 689 75 25 58 63 175 225 150 25 50 NA 1964 2,396 339 507 123 384 42 1,071 824 84 25 70 68 200 238 166 25 47 NA 1965 2,664 375 563 157 406 29 1,221 944 94 27 86 70 218 260 179 29 52 NA 1966 2,930 410 593 142 451 31 1,380 1,066 104 29 106 75 239 278 188 32 58 NA 1967 3,168 434 595 168 427 34 1,554 1,188 114 34 136 83 263 289 194 34 61 NA 1968 3,376 482 607 145 462 35 1,681 1,265 131 38 156 91 276 296 196 37 63 NA 1969 3,491 545 581 123 458 37 1,754 1,288 153 40 171 103 272 302 192 43 67 NA 1970 3,594 562 566 122 444 36 1,855 1,323 179 43 196 115 265 311 195 44 72 NA 1971 3,720 581 557 101 456 33 1,968 1,385 194 50 214 127 252 329 207 45 77 NA 1972 3,850 603 554 91 463 39 2,038 1,437 195 55 216 134 270 347 216 47 84 NA 1973 4,099 652 595 96 499 36 2,103 1,489 196 59 223 137 343 371 232 49 90 NA 1974 4,511 715 650 114 536 49 2,282 1,609 204 66 250 153 415 401 245 54 102 NA 1975 4,875 760 677 104 573 53 2,480 1,768 212 72 264 164 476 430 255 59 116 NA 1976 5,373 850 750 116 634 69 2,675 1,924 218 75 283 175 556 474 278 65 131 NA 1977 6,008 943 836 135 701 75 2,967 2,114 232 89 334 198 667 521 301 72 148 NA 1978 6,959 1,044 941 156 785 94 3,376 2,399 260 107 398 213 906 598 351 79 168 NA 1979 7,836 1,112 1,054 161 893 104 3,828 2,719 286 128 466 229 1,050 689 413 87 190 NA 1980 8,745 1,212 1,205 170 1,035 120 4,315 3,061 307 156 544 248 1,167 726 416 95 215 NA 1981 9,658 1,343 1,477 164 1,313 137 4,737 3,331 338 183 615 269 1,284 671 324 105 243 9 1982 10,651 1,522 1,776 253 1,523 128 5,091 3,475 368 215 716 317 1,366 759 369 115 275 9 SOURCE: Daniel Carr's re-expression of National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2009 Data Update.
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From page 83... ...
Although tables remain important for some tasks, there are merits to using statistical graphics for many discovery, analysis, and communication tasks. Carr showed a linked micromap that uses a graphical user interface for variable selection and uses statistical graphics to represent estimates and confidence intervals for both the primary variable of interest and related variables.2 The graphics include reference values and color-linked micromaps that show spatial patterns.
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From page 84... ...
The center map shows Illinois in gray so Illinois's 8th grade reading achievement score is similar to the national public achievement score. Since the plot highlights Illinois in the middle row and middle column, the 4th and 8th grade mathematics average scores are also similar to the national public averages scores.
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From page 85... ...
Carr said that one can juxtapose a few state maps to show all the state class memberships and changes over time. He showed a temporal change maps design that displays state expenditures of R&D funding relative to the gross domestic product for just four of the yearly maps: see Figure 6-2.
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From page 86... ...
Carr said that the above examples suggest a variety of graphics designs that NCSES could produce. He commended NCSES on many of the graphical displays in the 2012 Science and Engineering Indicator Digest, the 2011 Women, Minorities, and Person with Disabilities in Science and Engineering, the 2010 Key Science and Engineering Indicator Digest, and the 2009 Doctorate Recipients from U.S.
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From page 87... ...
His variant is designed to use the same space and include the same content. Changes include putting the legend above the plot, changing the y-axis label style, and adding grid line labels on the right where people are likely to assess the values.
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From page 88... ...
SOURCE: 2011 Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering. Social Sciences Computer Sciences Medical Sciences Biological Sciences Engineering Physical Sciences Mathematics 20 20 Figure 6-41a, fixed image, color 15 15 Percent 10 10 5 5 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 FIGURE 6-4b Time plot offor 1999 NOTE: Data not available percent minorities science and engineering bachelor's degrees, 1989-2008: Alternative design.with Dissabilties in Science and Engineering: SOURCE: Women, Minorities and Persons www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/.
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From page 89... ...
Karen Kafadar asked whether anyone had carried out usability studies as a result of the implementation of such graphical tools. Carr said that users often wanted structure that went against Carr's principles but were closer to what users were accustomed to.
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