Trends in the Innovation Ecosystem Can Past Successes Help Inform Future Strategies? Summary of Two Workshops (2013) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 33-40
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6 Public Policies to Support Innovation The discussion of innovation at both workshops turned repeatedly to public policies that have hindered innovation in the past, are enhancing innovation currently, or could promote innovation in the future. The parts of the discussion related to these policies are gathered in this final chapter of the summary as a guide to possible future actions.
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, he has been involved in a review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative undertaken every two years in response to a request from Congress. The most recent nanotechnology report called on the nation to invest in regulatory science, which Penhoet defined as "the science that needs to be done to make an informed regulatory decision."8 In nanoscience, for example, federal agencies fund studies of the effects of nanoparticles on cell cultures, but they do not support work, either individually or collaboratively, on the problem of how to move nanoparticles toward approval by the Environmental Protection Agency or the FDA.
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For example, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation has supported the Public Library of Science and the Marine 9 President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.
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He also said that to some extent the university has done that. Over the last 30 years at Stanford, the largest supporter of graduate students has shifted from the federal government to the university endowment, and the endowment has helped drop the average net cost of attendance at Stanford.
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"For the vast majority of universities, big gifts are not where the action is. It's the smaller and medium-sized gifts." FEDERAL INPUT IN RESEARCH PARKS In consultation with the Innovation Coalition, a collaborative group of national innovation- based associations, including some of the participants of the second workshop representing research parks, Brian Darmody of the University of Maryland prepared a list of federal actions designed specifically to make research parks more effective: Improve technology transfer by allowing federally supported researchers to devote five percent of grants to commercialization activities such as filing patents.
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Hennessy agreed that such an approach is possible but raised several concerns. Graduate students may be a cheaper form of labor, but they are at the university for an education, and that education should not be sacrificed to develop a commercial product.
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. On the one hand, foreign companies in the United States are seen as interdependent economically.
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Penhoet, for example, described a PCAST report entitled Engage to Excel: Producing One Million Additional College Graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, which focused specifically on the first two years of college for students interested in STEM fields.10 As that report pointed out, fewer than 40 percent of students who enter college intending to major in a STEM field complete a STEM degree, and the greatest loss of those students occurs during the first two years of college. Yet the United States has many jobs in technical fields for which U.S.
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