Frontiers of Engineering Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2013 Symposium (2014) / Chapter Skim
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Bioenergy Technologies and Strategies: A New Frontier--Joyce C. Yang
Bioenergy Technologies and Strategies: A New Frontier--Joyce C. Yang
Pages 87-96
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From page 87... ...
. Furthermore, beyond the total illustrated in Figure 1, a recent report estimates an additional renewable resource of 1 billion dry tons of agricultural residues, woody biomass, and new energy crops that can be sustainably harvested every year (DOE 2011)
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From page 88... ...
Biomass Hydroelectric Wind Geothermal Solar/PV Total Year 4.411 3.171 1.168 0.226 0.158 9.135 2011 4.294 2.539 0.923 0.208 0.126 8.090 2010 3.912 2.669 0.721 0.200 0.098 7.600 2009 3.849 2.511 0.546 0.192 0.089 7.186 2008 3.474 2.446 0.341 0.186 0.076 6.523 2007 FIGURE 1 US renewable energy consumption in 2011 by primary energy source, in quadrillion British thermal units (Btus)
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From page 89... ...
Achievements on both the biochemical and gasification routes to cellulosic ethanol corresponded with a dramatic reduction in the modeled minimum ethanol selling price from more than $9/gallon, when the program began in 2002, to $2.15/gallon or less in 2012. The many technical performance improvements include better feedstock quality and logistics, pretreatment technologies, more productive cellulolytic enzymes, gas cleanup technologies, and the development of robust microbial and inorganic fuel synthesis catalysts, not to mention a wealth of enabling knowledge gains and breakthroughs contributed by grantees of the DOE Office of Science, National Science Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and US Department of Agriculture.
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From page 90... ...
These IBRs represent far more than their technological components: each is the result of successful process integration, scale-up, and construction as well as critical success elements such as feedstock contracts, project management, fuel off-take agreements, seasoned senior management, regulatory clearance, and financing. (Financing these biorefineries has been particularly challenging because the economics are as yet unproven.)
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From page 91... ...
Adapting to Refinery Infrastructure: Save on CAPEX Refinery Ready Refinery Ready Biomass Biomass Intermediate A Hydrotreater Intermediate B Reformer Insertion Insertion Crude Point Point Distillation FCC Pipelines Terminals Oil Units Alkylation Insertion Point Coker Biofuel/ Blendstock Adapted from the National Advanced Biofuels Consortium Website FIGURE 2 Proposed insertion points of biomass-derived fuel intermediates into existing petroleum refinery units of operation. Source: Adapted 91 from the National Advanced Biofuels Consortium website, Figure 2_R02544.eps Yang www.nabcprojects.org/biofuels.html; accessed November 25, 2013.
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From page 92... ...
When the target molecule was ethanol, biomass was an advantaged feedstock compared to petroleum, in terms of basic stoichiometry; but when the target molecule is a longer carbon chain with no oxygen, a biomass feedstock is disadvantaged. This basic chemical balancing act, illustrated in Table 2, will be the key challenge to progress, requiring innovations across the biomass-to-biofuel supply chain.
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From page 93... ...
This design follows the model of the current commodity grain supply system, which manages crop diversity at the point of harvest and/or the storage elevator and thus allows all subsequent feedstock supply system infrastructure to be similar for all biomass resources. Source: Image courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory; Hess et al.
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From page 94... ...
The relative advantages of using modified biological feedstocks as a means to achieve refinery-ready intermediates versus other approaches will need to be carefully evaluated in terms of both theoretical yields and practical considerations. Conclusion Over the past two decades the United States has consistently pursued strategy that involves simultaneously funding research development, demonstrating biofuels technologies, and establishing favorable national policies to incentivize biofuels production to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
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From page 95... ...
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46(38)
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