Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Current Knowledge and Recommended Research. (1980) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography on Grazing Hydrology
Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography on Grazing Hydrology
Pages 302-347
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From page 302... ...
Heavy grazing was associated with low soil cover, high bulk density, and low porosity. Compaction was confined to the 0-1 inch layer.
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From page 303... ...
43:733-737. Accurate determination of the condition and trend of the plant cover and soil mantle, site by site, is considered the key to satisfactory range-watershed management.
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From page 304... ...
Six years of vegetation measurements, four vegetation measurement methods, and 15 years of hydrclogic records were used in the analyses. Highly significant correlation coefficients were found for percent bare soil and runoff, but the relationships were found for percent bare soil and runoff, but the relationships between bare soil and sediment yields were not statistically significant.
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From page 305... ...
These include recommendations pertaining to the classification and inventory of riparian habitats; the establishment of study areas; the regulation and elimination of livestock grazing; the greater consideration of streamside vegetation in authorizing warer management projects; and the more conservative use of our watersheds.
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From page 306... ...
9:148. Reports range conditions and trends in condition observed by the line-intercept and Parker three-step methods on two concentration areas of elk winter range.
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From page 307... ...
production and botanical composition were much greater than those caused by treatment effects within years. It is concluded that for this soil type a single period of severe treading when grazing off autumn-saved pasture in late winter will have little effect on animal production from such pastures unless utilization of the pasture is so high that the small pasture production loss is critical for animal production.
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From page 308... ...
Results indicated taht grazed sites had lower organic matter, higher bulk density, lower moisture content, and higher surface soil temperatures.
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From page 309... ...
This study was designed to determine the survival capacity of fecal indicator bacteria in fecal material and forest streams in central Washington. Results indicated taht fecal coliforms and streptococci can survive for four to five weeks in streams and over a year in fecal material.
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From page 310... ...
41:112-116. Soil losses, physical and chemical changes caused by accelerated erosion are greatest on watersheds where grazing has been heaviest and smallest on lightly grazed sites.
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From page 311... ...
1978. Effects of protection from livestock grazing on a bottomland wildlife habitat in northeastern Colorado.
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From page 312... ...
Bacterial counts in streams draining grazed watersheds reached seasonal maximum values during the grazing period, while counts from the ungrazed watershed remained relatively low and constant. The chemical and physical water quality parameters showed no clearcut effect from livestock grazing.
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From page 313... ...
Counts in runoff from both grazed and ungrazed sites generally exceeded recommended water quality standards. The fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ratio was used to distinguish between wildlife and cattle.
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From page 314... ...
Contour furrowing conserved, on the average, l.2 in/year more precipitation than untreated plots, but the increase in soil moisture did not produce better pasture. Runoff from eccentric disked plots was 15-30% less than from untreated plots and runfof duration from heavily grazed plots was more than twice that from lightly grazed plots.
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From page 315... ...
Describes factors responsible for accelerated erosion from forest lands. Recommends measures of fire prevention, grazing control, logging, and construction of logging roads for erosion control.
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From page 316... ...
geologic normal and accelerated erosion. The accelerated erosion activities of the pocket gopher are initiated by overgrazing and are related to degree soil mantle is dissected and percent of bare soil.
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From page 317... ...
1943. Runoff from pasture land as affected by soil treatment and grazing management and its relationship to botanical and chemical composition and sheep production.
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From page 318... ...
Results indicated minimal impact on bacterial water quality by grazing at a rate of 2 ha/AUM; lower infiltration rates on grazed vs. ungrazed sites, and no apparent trends were detected in sediment production.
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From page 319... ...
In one section the vegetation of the floodplain had been reduced by clearing and intensive livestock grazing; in the other section, which had received light use by livestock, vegetation was relatively unchanged. This ungrazed section had 76 percent more cover (undercut banks, debris, overhanging brush, and miscellaneous)
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From page 320... ...
1978. Effect of grazing intensity and range condition on hydrology of western South Dakota ranges.
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From page 321... ...
1965. Soil moisture response to range improvement in the northern Great Plains.
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From page 322... ...
Sites included ungrazed and areas which had been grazed at four different rates for ten years. Infiltrometer results indicated that even after ten years of heavy grazing, soil erosion by water was not a critical factor in management.
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From page 323... ...
62:221-23l. Ring infiltrometers were used to study infiltration on ungrazed, moderately-grazed, and heavily grazed sites.
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From page 324... ...
21, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins: 53 p. Water quality was investigated from April 1964-September 1965 on mountain watersheds of limited use in the Colorado Front Range.
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From page 325... ...
15:34-42. Heavy grazing for more than 35 years had resulted in a shallower soil than the ungrazed sites during the same period.
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From page 326... ...
Over a period of 10 years, 4 grazed watersheds on saltdesert rangeland have ahd a slight increase in the amount of bare soil and rock, and a decrease in ground cover; cover on paired ungrazed watersheds has remained virtually unchanged. Runoff in the ungrazed watersheds has been about 30% less than in the grazed watersheds, and sediment yield has been about 45% less.
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From page 327... ...
Measurements made 10 years apart show that all four grazed watersheds have had a slight increase in the amount of bare soil and rock and a decrease in ground cover; cover on ungrazed watersheds has remained essentially unchanged. Runoff in the ungrazed watersheds has been about 30 percent less than in the grazed watersheds and sediment yield has been about 45 percent less.
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From page 328... ...
18:137-180. Seven years after discing and seeding to grass, main effects were: decreased organic matter and capillary porosity in the surface soil, greater soil bulk density, and decreased plant and litter cover.
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From page 329... ...
Infiltration is also affected significantly by soil properties, notably bulk density, aggregation and moisture content.
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From page 330... ...
Livestock grazing superimposed on the conversion decreased infiltration rates even further.
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From page 331... ...
Generally, infiltration was higher with better range condition, unless there was an impermeable layer restricting moisture movement. Relationships between bulk density and organic matter to water loss were also included.
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From page 332... ...
27:401-410. From various plots which were installed to measure ground cover density, soil bulk density, and soil eroded by high-intensity rainfall, it was found that management objectives for restoring and maintaining soil stability on this elk winter range include ground cover densities of at least 70% and soil bulk densities no greater than 1.04 g/cc.
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From page 333... ...
Results indicated for heavy grazing a decrease in total plant density with a shift from perennial grasses to sagebrush.
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From page 334... ...
Results indicated that loss of surface cover and heavy grazing reduced water intake. Total infiltration on the moderately grazed site was l.6 times greater than the heavy grazed sites.
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From page 335... ...
Water intake rates on differentially grazed rangeland watersheds had a nearly linear relationship with the heavily grazed watershed the lowest and the lightly grazed watershed the highest rate. Annual runoff was greatest from heavily grazed watersheds and least from the highly grazed.
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From page 336... ...
Bulk density and penetrometer measurements indicated that grazing compacted the soil. Little soil loss was observed even on the heavily grazed sites.
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From page 337... ...
These data suggest that chaparral lands of central Arizona, where characterized by an interspersion of shrubs and perennial grass on moderate topography, can be properly grazed without detriment to soil stability or water regime. If no more than 40% of perennial grass production is removed at the end of the summer growing season, ground cover does not deteriorate and appears sufficient to maintain a stable soil.
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From page 338... ...
Thickness of the humus horizons (A + B) of soil decreased with increased grazing intensity, and those horizons were absent from very heavily grazed soils.
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From page 339... ...
The measurements of runoff made during 1963 indicate that runoff normally increases with increases in pressure and that heavy grazing is particularly condusive to increasing the proportion of rainfall that occurs as runoff. However, the data also show that with unusually abundant rainfall over a period of time, runoff from lightly grazed areas may be greater than from those moderately or"heavily grazed.
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From page 340... ...
grazed sites, as was organic matter content.
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From page 341... ...
Roughly, 3 to 5 times as much total water ran off the area with the poorer plant cover.
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From page 342... ...
23:63-65. Infiltrometer experiments and measurements of ground cover and soil bulk density were made on grazed and ungrazed plots of sparse, desert-shrub type vegetation growing on poor, shallow soils developed on Mancos shale.
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From page 343... ...
Organic matter content was reduced by 32 percent and bulk density increased by 80 percent. Water movement and detention storage were reduced in the upper layers (A horizon)
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From page 344... ...
8:162-166. Surface runoff, soil loss, and subsurface flow were measured from four rotationally grazed summer pastures.
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From page 345... ...
No effects were detected on organic matter content between uses and bulk density was l.16 g/cc on ungrazed versus l.23 g/cc on grazed sites. Infiltration rates for the second inch of applied water averaged 6.0 in/hr for ungrazed and 3.1 in/hr for grazed areas.
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From page 346... ...
the frequency at which runoff can be expected. The results indicate that great diversity of surface runoff on the mountain lands and the ways in which resource management can augment or reduce the hazard of overland flow.
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From page 347... ...
Oversowing and topdressing decreased annual runoff, increased surface retention, reduced the number of days on which flow occurred, and reduced the percentage of occurrence of given daily runoffs over the greater part of flow range. Individual hydrographs have shown no increase in rise time but an increase in lag and depletion time, decreased flow before the peak, decreased peak discharges and decreased runoff.
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