Insect-Pest Management and Control (1969) / Chapter Skim
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REGULATORY CONTROL
REGULATORY CONTROL
Pages 34-47
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From page 34... ...
In 1905, the Federal Insect Pest Act was passed, enabling the federal government, for the first time, to regulate the importation and interstate movement of articles that might spread insect pests. The Plant Quarantine Act, approved in 1912, authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to enforce necessary regulations to protect the agricultural economy of this country by preventing the introduction of insects and plant diseases from foreign countries.
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From page 35... ...
Even with the enforcement of quarantine procedures, however, some important pests, such as the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) , and the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, have recently been introduced into the United States The principle of preventing or retarding the spread of newly established pests by domestic regulatory and control measures has been used to protect agricultural crops against insect pests.
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From page 36... ...
The public must also be adequately informed concerning the application of suppressive or eradicative treatments, particularly when aircraft are utilized. PLANT AND ANIMAL QUARANTINES PHILOSOPHY OF QUARANTINE ACTION The purpose of quarantine is to exclude potential pests, to prevent further dissemination of those already present, and to supplement eradication programs.
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From page 37... ...
MECHANICS OF QUARANTINE ACTION FOR NEWLY ESTABLISHED PESTS When a pest has been located and quarantine action appears desirable, certain procedures are usually followed: (1) The extent of infestation is
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From page 38... ...
(4) The hazard of spread associated with each of the regulated articles is carefully reviewed, and treatments based on research investigations are developed to allow the safe movement of regulated products.
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From page 39... ...
Since suppression and control programs must be handled in accordance with state laws and in cooperation with the states, the programs are effective only where the states concerned have a strong and continuing interest in the particular pest problem. Active cooperation between many countries in the enforcement of plant quarantines followed a conference called by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the adoption in 1951 of an agreement entitled "International Plant Protection Convention." All major nations now have plant-protection laws and regulations to guard against the introduction of plant pests that could become established under their ecological conditions.
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From page 40... ...
Chemicalcontrol procedures for eradication have been effective and economical, but the chemicals must be used in such a way as to cause minimal adverse side effects. An important consideration in the use of toxicants in organized publicly supported programs is the assurance that the materials are applied under the direction of employees trained in the proper application of pesticides.
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From page 41... ...
An example is the eradication of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, from the island of Rota near Guam in the South Pacific by the male-sterilization technique, in which gamma radiation is used. With other pest-control programs, it is possible to utilize cultural and biological procedures in combination with chemical control and attain the desired objective.
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From page 42... ...
CONTAINMENT Containment programs against plant or animal pests that have not reached their full ecological limits are conducted when eradication cannot be accomplished, either because the best has become firmly established or because eradicative treatments are not available. For example, when the Japanese beetle was discovered in the United States, sufficient information was not available on control treatments to make eradication practical.
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From page 43... ...
Examples of publicly supported suppression programs designed to control populations of pests occurring over extensive areas are those conducted against several species of grasshoppers or locusts; the torsalo or human hot fly, Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus, Jr.) ; and the Mediterranean fruit fly.
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From page 44... ...
Certain storage-insect pests are controlled as side effects to treatments applied to fields of small grains for cereal leaf beetle control in the United States. Monitoring assumed a major role in control programs in the United States in May 1963, following release of the President's Science Advisory Committee report on "Use of Pesticides." In the committee's recommendations the sub
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From page 45... ...
SUPPORTING ROLE OF RESEARCH AND METHODS IMPROVEMENT Control and quarantine programs usually involve pests of foreign origin that have been recently introduced. Consequently, research data for developing
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From page 46... ...
The low-volume-treatment technique has been used effectively in publicly supported suppressive programs in the United States against pests such as grasshoppers; the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; and the cereal leaf beetle. Although the goal of pest-control programs is to develop an effective treatment entirely free of objectionable side effects, this is seldom possible.
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From page 47... ...
. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Plant Protection Convention.
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