The National Academies Press

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1. Introduction
Pages 5-28

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From page 5... ... It is no surprise, therefore, that to strengthen and clarify policies affecting the preparation and recruitment of women for careers in this area, the Governing Board of ARC concluded in 1988 that an ongoing effort was needed and requested OSEP to establish a committee that would have as its long-range goal the increased participation of women in the scientific and engineering work force. The Committee on Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE) Read the entire page →
From page 6... ... The challenge in the 1990s will be to identify new opportunities for assuring that women will take their place beside men in building a strong science and technology base in the United States. This report outlines the role that the Committee on Women in Science and Engineering elects to take in achieving that goal. Read the entire page →
From page 7... ... goals stimulate the formulation of human resource policies and the selection of program goals (see, for example, Wildarsky, 1979; OSEP, 1991~. The United States now faces a critical period in setting its technological and scientific priorities, and particular attention is being given to the expansion of the present pool of scientific and technical talent. Read the entire page →
From page 8... ... , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990. Read the entire page →
From page 9... ... After reviewing those needs, Eileen Collins concluded that If present trends continue, there will be a shortage of trained engineers which cannot be filled by the natural increases in numbers of women and minority students obtaining degrees. Possible market adjustments include the injection of foreign talent, a policy decision to increase the numbers of women and minority students, and the recapture and retraining of those engineers no longer in the field (Collins, 1988~. Read the entire page →
From page 10... ... population will be greatest among ethnic groups that have not heretofore participated significantly in science and engineering. All three trends add to the widespread concern about the future supply of scientists and engineers to meet national needs. Read the entire page →
From page 11... ... Fer~ole SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1990 (110th edition) Read the entire page →
From page 12... ... industrial work force has also been growing steadily as increasing percentages of foreigners receive advanced S&E degrees in the United States (Table 3~. Many within the scientific community feel that without 12 Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 Yeor U.S. ~J Foreign SOURCE: National Research Council's Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... I~urgood and Joanne M Weinman, Summary Report 1989: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990. Read the entire page →
From page 16... ... and whose achievements are of international renown" as well as "the outstanding researcher or professor recognized internationally and thaving] at least three years' teaching or research experience in an academic area;" 40,000 immigrants holding advanced degrees; 40,000 immigrants with bachelor's degrees or equivalents; and 10,000 foreign scientist-entrepreneurs who, in order to quad, must guarantee a minimum investment of $1 million "in a new commercial enterprise that employs at least 10 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... Whereas women in the life sciences and social sciences are likely to complete advanced degrees, they are much less likely to do so in the physical sciences, computer and information sciences, and mathematics, where women represented 41 percent of the 1978 baccalaureates but only 16.6 percent of the 1986 doctorates. (It should be noted that women's share of math doctorates increased to 19.4 percent in 1989.) Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... c~ oo ~3 ec x c) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... Such a strategy should include increasing the participation of groups who in the past have been underrepresented in the S&E work force. Women are a major human resource that has traditionally been underrepresented in most fields of science and engineering in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... work force will be women and members of racial/ 20 Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... TABLE 5: Degrees to Women in Physics and Women as Physics Faculty (in percent) Degrees to Recent Graduates Country Bachelor's Doctorate Faculty Belgium 33 29 11 Brazil 24 31 18 Democratic German Republic 12 18 8 France 24 21 23 Hungary 50 27 47 India 25 26 10 Ireland 22 20 7 Italy 29 21 23 Japan 7 4 6 Korea 20 5 3 Netherlands 20 4 6 New Zealand 10 11 6 Philippines 28 60 31 Poland 14 17 17 South Africa 24 21 9 Spain 17 21 16 Turkey 38 17 23 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 34 25 30 United Kingdom 16 12 4 United States 15 9 3 SOURCE: W Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... and types of employers (Table 6) provides some perspective on the role of doctorate women in the S&E work force: . Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... al oo ~4 Go ;~D . Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... work force included approximately 2.0 million scientists and 2.6 million engineers, of whom 88,106 scientists and 107,415 engineers were employed by the federal government, the largest single employer of scientists and engineers in the United States (Campbell and Dix, 1990~. Overall, women and minorities find greater employment opportunities within the ' The National Science Foundation (1988, p. Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... at Go em to � . Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... Women, blacks, and Hispanics in the federal work force, 1988 (in percent) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... 4. changing demographics, changing missions of relevant agencies in the federal government and industrial organizations and their subsequent impact on university-government-private partnerships, changing public attitudes toward science and scientists, and the entry and retention of women into mainstream science and � � engmeenog careers. Read the entire page →

From page 5...

... It is no surprise, therefore, that to strengthen and clarify policies affecting the preparation and recruitment of women for careers in this area, the Governing Board of ARC concluded in 1988 that an ongoing effort was needed and requested OSEP to establish a committee that would have as its long-range goal the increased participation of women in the scientific and engineering work force. The Committee on Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE)

1. Introduction Pages 5-28

1. Introduction
Pages 5-28