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From page 383... ... anion exchange resins, 337, 342 regeneration, 345-346 THM studies, 344 THMFP studies, 344 aqueous chloramine, 174-181 (see also chloramines) aqueous chlorine, 145-149 (see also chlorine) Read the entire page →
From page 384... ... biocidal dose, UV light, 109 biogenic substances, aquatic organic compounds, 164 biosorption, 295 Blue Plains, Washington, D.C., sewage effluents, 157 Boonton, N.J., chlorine gas equipment, 18 breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 170-171 Rhine River water, 159 (see also chlorination) bromamines formation, 183 bromide, 42, 73 bromination, model compounds, 189 bromine analytical methods, 75 ammonia effects, 77 biocidal activity, 75-81 by-products of disinfection, 182, 184189 chemistry, 72-74, 182-189 cat products, 70, 7~80 determination, 75 disinfection, 36, 72-82 efficacy against bacteria, 75-77 efficacy against parasites, 79~1 efficacy against virus, 77-79 mechanism of action, 81 nonpotable waters, 187-189 production and application, 74-75 properties, 182-184 temperature effects, 78 THM formation, 185 UV spectroscopy, 75 bromine chloride, 72-75, 182-183 bromochloromethane s, 151- 152 bromodichloromethane, 151, 185 bromoform, 185, 205 bromophenols, 185 calcium hypochlorite, water treatment, 35 Candida parapsilosis, 14, 45 carbon catalytic surface, 31~320 inorganic reactions, 322-323 water treatment, 251-380 carbon catalytic activity, product release, 32~325 carbon�chloroform extracts, 165, 252 carbon fines, 325 Read the entire page →
From page 385... ... chlorination by-products, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 163-164 chlorine ammonia reaction, 18-20 ammonia water treatment process, 167 aqueous properties, 145-149 biocidal activity, 24-36 breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 17~171 by-products of disinfection, 144-146 cell wall penetration, 37 chemistry, 144 166 cat, 70 demand, 20, 26 disinfection, 17-42, 112-119 drinking water supplies disinfectant, 17 free available chlorine, 18 hypochlorite ion, 18 hypochlorous acid, 18 reducing agents reaction, 21-22 sewage effluents, 155 surface waters, 155-157 chlorine dioxide analytical methods, 54-55 bacteria, 56 biocidal activity, 56, 59~0 by-products of disinfection, 19~200 c t, 60 chemistry, 52, 19~200 disinfection, 51~1, 112-119 DPD method, 54 efficacy against viruses, 58-59 Escherichia cold inactivation, 58 humic substances reactions, 199 inorganic reactants, 193-194 mechanism of action, 6(~61 microorganisms inactivation, 55 model organic compounds, 194-199 olefinic double bond reactions, 197-198 oxidizing agent, 193 parasites, 59 phenol reactions, 196 production and application, 51-54 pulp and paper industry, 191 virucidal efficacy, 58-59 chlorite, aldehydes reactions, 195 chloroform, 140, 151, 185 acetone precursors, 158 from resorcinol, 161 humic model compounds, 162 Read the entire page →
From page 386... ... Delaware River, treatment plant, 153 demand-free systems, 117 diatomic iodine, 62-63, 183 dibromamine, 74, 79 dibromochloromethane, 185 dichloramine, 20, 22, 27-28, 166-168 dichloroethane, 287 diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method, 45, 47 direct aqueous injections, 154 disinfectants biocidal efficacy, 11, 114-117 bromine disinfection by-products, 182189 carbon reactions, 320-323 chemistry, reactions and products, 139249 chloramine reactions and by-products, 166-182 chlorine dioxide reactions and byproducts, 19~200 chlorine reactions and by-products, 144-166 conclusions on disinfection, 112-119 conclusions on disinfection by-products, 227-331 demand, 8 drinking water disinfection, 5-137 iodine reactions and by-products, 18 189 ozone reactions and by-products, 20 229 resistance to, 17 sensitivity to, 15 (see also disinfection) disinfection adsorption of microorganism, 9 aesthetic quality of treated water, 6 analytical methods (see individual disinfection agents) Read the entire page →
From page 387... ... extracellular products, haloform yields, 16~165 Federal Republic of Germany bank filtration, 271 chloroform effluent concentration, 289 microbial activity on GAC, 298 microbial activity, water treatment, 299 pilot plant effluent studies, 308 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 203, 287 Giardia lamblia, 36 Globaline tablets, 182 (see also iodine, disinfection) granular activated carbon, 251-380 adsorption efficiency, 258-268 adsorption influenced by regeneration, 33~332 adsorption isotherms, 260-267 bacteria on GAC, 30~309 bacterial growth, 30~308 basic structural unit, 254 carbonization, 254 chemical change during storage, 331 competition, 275-293 dechlorination effect, 303 definition, 253-254 disinfection pretreatment, 271-272 displacement, 275 effluent microbial content, 308-309 equilibrium models, 267 filtration pretreatment, 269-270 full-scale operation, competitive effects, 29~291 laboratory studies, 284 286 Read the entire page →
From page 388... ... humic acid, 8, 269, 342 humic model compounds, chloroform yields, 162 humic substances, 14~144 adsorption behavior, 277 chemical degradation, 146-147 hydrocarbons reactions, aqueous chlorine dioxide, 198 hydrogen peroxide disinfection, 9~94 hydrous iron oxide, 83 hydroxide, 86 hymatomelanic acid, 8, 142 hypobromite ion, 73, 183, 204 205 hypobromous acid, 73, 78-79, 183 hypochlorite ion, 18, 148 hypochlorous acid, 145, 148-149, 186 ammonia reaction, 19-20 dichloramine, 167-168 hypochlorite ion, 18 monochloramine formation, 167 nitrogen bichloride formation, 167-168 Ohio River, 186 phenolic humic model compounds reaction, 161 THM formation, 141 (see also chlorine, disinfection) hypoiodite ion, 63, 183 hypoiodous acid, 62~3, 183 inorganic reactions, adsorbed compounds, iodate, 183 iodide, 42, 45-46, 62, 183, 186 iodine amperometric titration, 64 analytical methods, 64 biocidal activity, 61~2, 64-71 by-products in nonpotable waters, 186187 by-products of disinfection, 182 chemistry, 62-63, 182-189 colorimetric method, 64 c~t, 66, 69-71 cysticide, 6~65, 69 determination, 64 diatomic reaction with water, 62-63, 183 disinfection, 61-72 eff~cacy against bacteria, 64~5 efficacy against parasites, 67-71 efficacy against viruses, 65-67 halogens, 62 home water systems, 64 hydrolysis, 62 hypoiodous acid formation, 62 iodide ion, 62 mechanism of action, 71-72 nonpotable waters, 187-189 physiological effects, 182 production and application, 63 64 properties, 182-184 viral inactivation, 68 water disinfectant, 65 iodoamines, 183 iodometric methods, 23, 43, 54 invertebrates, raw water quality, effects, 8 ion exchange resins, 339-347 ionizing radiation disinfection, 94-98 iron (see ferrate) Read the entire page →
From page 389... ... . microorganisms adsorption, 9 growth on ion exchange resins, 346 micropores, activated carbon, 254 Mississippi River chlorinated compounds, 156 GAC treatment, 290 Jefferson Parish water treatment plant, 298 laboratory studies, 186 potassium halide�THM formation, 187 prechlorination treatment, 269 model compounds bromine reaction, 189 chloramine reaction, 173-181 chlorine dioxide reaction, 194-199 chlorine reaction, 160 163 iodine reaction, 189 ozone reaction, 204 229 monobromamine, 74 monocl~loramine, 20, 22, 26-27, 38, 166 168 Moraxella, 309 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 14, 45 Mycobacterium phlei, 15 National Organic Monitoring Survey, 145 aromatic compounds, 156 THM in U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 390... ... laboratory cultures, 15-17 protection from disinfection, 9 organobromides, 186 orthotolidine-arsenite method, 56, 58 OTA (see orthotolidine-arsenite method) oxygen demand, seasonal fluctuation, 297 ozone ammonia reactions, 42 biocidal activities, 44, 46 49 by-products in drinking waters, 202-204 by-products in nonpotable waters, 202204 by-products of disinfection, 204-229 by-products reactions, 209 chemistry, 42, 20~229, 230 cot products, 49 determination, 43 disinfection, 42-51 DPD method, 45, 47 effects on organic compounds, 302-303 efficacy against parasites, 48 efficacy against viruses, 46-48 epoxide formation, 227 GAC, 272 gas stream, 43 generation, 211 half-life, 44 inorganic compounds reactions, 204 measurement methods, 43 44 mechanism of action, 48-49 microbial activity, 299~304 organic compounds, 302-303 production and application, 42-43 properties, 201-202 residuals, 44 Schecter method, 48 viruses, 47 water treatment plants, 43 by-products, aliphatic compounds, 222226 by-products, benzene and its homologs, 205 by-products, humic acids, 218-219 by-products, miscellaneous, 214-217. Read the entire page →
From page 391... ... parasites, 35-36, 48, 67-71 particulates, disinfection effects, 9-11 pathogens, waterborne diseases, 5 pesticides, ozonization by-products, 220221 phenolic humic model compounds, 161 phenolic substances, reactions, 155 phenols chlorine dioxide reactions, 196 in competition, 277 ozonization by-products, 21~213 Philadelphia, Pa., water treatment, 276, 287, 298 pilot plant studies, 288, 298, 300, 308-309, 343 Planctomyces, 309 poliovirus, 27, 30-35, 40-41, 46, 49-50, 58-59, 68, 71-72, 78, 80, 90, 93, 97 pollutants monitoring, 358-361 potential health hazards, 358-359 screening procedures, 359-361 pollution control, carbon regeneration, 27~271, 332-336 polymeric absorbents, 337-339, 347-353 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 206 208, 270 chlorination by-products, 163-164 leaching of chemicals, 332 Pomona, Calif., 304, 333 potable water, 186-187 potassium halide�effect on THM formation, 187 potassium permanganate, 297 analytical methods, 99 biocidal activity, 99-101 determination, 99 disinfection, 98-102 E cold inactivation, 100 mechanism of action, 101 oxidizing agent, 98 production and application, 99 residual, 99 Potomac River, free chlorine-viruses reactions, 31 powdered activated carbon, 252, 255-256, 271, 273-275 prechlorination, 8-9, 303-304 precursors, 14~144 microbial activity, 311 THM, 3~14 345 preozonization, 298-302 presedimentation, raw water treatment, 8 pretreatment chemicals, organics�adsorption reaction, 270 protozoan parasites, 35 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 16, 25, 27, 88 Pseudomonas alcaligenes, 15-16 Pseudomonas fluorescent, 45 Pseudomonas sp., 308-310 public water supplies chlorination, 5 disinfectants, 184-186 disinfection, 5 residuals�disinfection effects, 10-11 pulp and paper industry, 191 Quebec Province, ozonization, 202 radiation, ionizing, disinfection, 94-98 raw water quality, 8-9 recalcitrant organic compounds, 294-295 residuals disinfection effects, 1~11 (see also individual agents) Read the entire page →
From page 392... ... trichloroacetaldehyde, 165 trichloroethylene, 287 trihalomethanes, 140 anion exchange resins studies, 344 chlorination effects, 5, 8 chlorophyll reaction, 164 coagulation, 9 formation, 149-153, 171-172, 269-270, 344 formation from chlorine dioxide, 52 formation reactions, 16~161, 163 GAC, 289 hypochlorous acid, 141 in water supplies, 185-186 NOMS, 15~151 nonhaloform products, 153-154 NORS, 15~151, 172-173 potable waters, laboratory studies, 186-187 precursors, 344-345 production, 9 seasonal variation, 164 U.S. municipal water supplies, 15~151 triiodide, ozone reaction, 44 turbidity, drinking water standard, 10 typhoid fever, 18 ultraviolet light disinfection, 106-112 ultraviolet spectroscopy, 75 United Kingdom, pilot plant effluent studies, 308 Van de Graaff generator, 95-97 Vibrio cholerae, 45 virucidal activity (see biocidal activity) Read the entire page →
From page 393... ... Index 393 water treatment plants clarification processes, 268-271 Delaware River 153 disinfection, 255 PAC use, 274 water treatment processes, 167, 255-256 Xanthomonas, 309 X-rays, 94-95 Zurich, Switzerland ozonization by-products, 203 water treatment, 298 Read the entire page →

From page 383...

... anion exchange resins, 337, 342 regeneration, 345-346 THM studies, 344 THMFP studies, 344 aqueous chloramine, 174-181 (see also chloramines) aqueous chlorine, 145-149 (see also chlorine)

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From page 384...

... biocidal dose, UV light, 109 biogenic substances, aquatic organic compounds, 164 biosorption, 295 Blue Plains, Washington, D.C., sewage effluents, 157 Boonton, N.J., chlorine gas equipment, 18 breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 170-171 Rhine River water, 159 (see also chlorination) bromamines formation, 183 bromide, 42, 73 bromination, model compounds, 189 bromine analytical methods, 75 ammonia effects, 77 biocidal activity, 75-81 by-products of disinfection, 182, 184189 chemistry, 72-74, 182-189 cat products, 70, 7~80 determination, 75 disinfection, 36, 72-82 efficacy against bacteria, 75-77 efficacy against parasites, 79~1 efficacy against virus, 77-79 mechanism of action, 81 nonpotable waters, 187-189 production and application, 74-75 properties, 182-184 temperature effects, 78 THM formation, 185 UV spectroscopy, 75 bromine chloride, 72-75, 182-183 bromochloromethane s, 151- 152 bromodichloromethane, 151, 185 bromoform, 185, 205 bromophenols, 185 calcium hypochlorite, water treatment, 35 Candida parapsilosis, 14, 45 carbon catalytic surface, 31~320 inorganic reactions, 322-323 water treatment, 251-380 carbon catalytic activity, product release, 32~325 carbon�chloroform extracts, 165, 252 carbon fines, 325

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From page 385...

... chlorination by-products, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 163-164 chlorine ammonia reaction, 18-20 ammonia water treatment process, 167 aqueous properties, 145-149 biocidal activity, 24-36 breakpoint chlorination, 2~23, 17~171 by-products of disinfection, 144-146 cell wall penetration, 37 chemistry, 144 166 cat, 70 demand, 20, 26 disinfection, 17-42, 112-119 drinking water supplies disinfectant, 17 free available chlorine, 18 hypochlorite ion, 18 hypochlorous acid, 18 reducing agents reaction, 21-22 sewage effluents, 155 surface waters, 155-157 chlorine dioxide analytical methods, 54-55 bacteria, 56 biocidal activity, 56, 59~0 by-products of disinfection, 19~200 c t, 60 chemistry, 52, 19~200 disinfection, 51~1, 112-119 DPD method, 54 efficacy against viruses, 58-59 Escherichia cold inactivation, 58 humic substances reactions, 199 inorganic reactants, 193-194 mechanism of action, 6(~61 microorganisms inactivation, 55 model organic compounds, 194-199 olefinic double bond reactions, 197-198 oxidizing agent, 193 parasites, 59 phenol reactions, 196 production and application, 51-54 pulp and paper industry, 191 virucidal efficacy, 58-59 chlorite, aldehydes reactions, 195 chloroform, 140, 151, 185 acetone precursors, 158 from resorcinol, 161 humic model compounds, 162

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From page 386...

... Delaware River, treatment plant, 153 demand-free systems, 117 diatomic iodine, 62-63, 183 dibromamine, 74, 79 dibromochloromethane, 185 dichloramine, 20, 22, 27-28, 166-168 dichloroethane, 287 diethyl-p-phenylenediamine method, 45, 47 direct aqueous injections, 154 disinfectants biocidal efficacy, 11, 114-117 bromine disinfection by-products, 182189 carbon reactions, 320-323 chemistry, reactions and products, 139249 chloramine reactions and by-products, 166-182 chlorine dioxide reactions and byproducts, 19~200 chlorine reactions and by-products, 144-166 conclusions on disinfection, 112-119 conclusions on disinfection by-products, 227-331 demand, 8 drinking water disinfection, 5-137 iodine reactions and by-products, 18 189 ozone reactions and by-products, 20 229 resistance to, 17 sensitivity to, 15 (see also disinfection) disinfection adsorption of microorganism, 9 aesthetic quality of treated water, 6 analytical methods (see individual disinfection agents)

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From page 387...

... extracellular products, haloform yields, 16~165 Federal Republic of Germany bank filtration, 271 chloroform effluent concentration, 289 microbial activity on GAC, 298 microbial activity, water treatment, 299 pilot plant effluent studies, 308 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 203, 287 Giardia lamblia, 36 Globaline tablets, 182 (see also iodine, disinfection) granular activated carbon, 251-380 adsorption efficiency, 258-268 adsorption influenced by regeneration, 33~332 adsorption isotherms, 260-267 bacteria on GAC, 30~309 bacterial growth, 30~308 basic structural unit, 254 carbonization, 254 chemical change during storage, 331 competition, 275-293 dechlorination effect, 303 definition, 253-254 disinfection pretreatment, 271-272 displacement, 275 effluent microbial content, 308-309 equilibrium models, 267 filtration pretreatment, 269-270 full-scale operation, competitive effects, 29~291 laboratory studies, 284 286

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From page 388...

... humic acid, 8, 269, 342 humic model compounds, chloroform yields, 162 humic substances, 14~144 adsorption behavior, 277 chemical degradation, 146-147 hydrocarbons reactions, aqueous chlorine dioxide, 198 hydrogen peroxide disinfection, 9~94 hydrous iron oxide, 83 hydroxide, 86 hymatomelanic acid, 8, 142 hypobromite ion, 73, 183, 204 205 hypobromous acid, 73, 78-79, 183 hypochlorite ion, 18, 148 hypochlorous acid, 145, 148-149, 186 ammonia reaction, 19-20 dichloramine, 167-168 hypochlorite ion, 18 monochloramine formation, 167 nitrogen bichloride formation, 167-168 Ohio River, 186 phenolic humic model compounds reaction, 161 THM formation, 141 (see also chlorine, disinfection) hypoiodite ion, 63, 183 hypoiodous acid, 62~3, 183 inorganic reactions, adsorbed compounds, iodate, 183 iodide, 42, 45-46, 62, 183, 186 iodine amperometric titration, 64 analytical methods, 64 biocidal activity, 61~2, 64-71 by-products in nonpotable waters, 186187 by-products of disinfection, 182 chemistry, 62-63, 182-189 colorimetric method, 64 c~t, 66, 69-71 cysticide, 6~65, 69 determination, 64 diatomic reaction with water, 62-63, 183 disinfection, 61-72 eff~cacy against bacteria, 64~5 efficacy against parasites, 67-71 efficacy against viruses, 65-67 halogens, 62 home water systems, 64 hydrolysis, 62 hypoiodous acid formation, 62 iodide ion, 62 mechanism of action, 71-72 nonpotable waters, 187-189 physiological effects, 182 production and application, 63 64 properties, 182-184 viral inactivation, 68 water disinfectant, 65 iodoamines, 183 iodometric methods, 23, 43, 54 invertebrates, raw water quality, effects, 8 ion exchange resins, 339-347 ionizing radiation disinfection, 94-98 iron (see ferrate)

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From page 389...

... . microorganisms adsorption, 9 growth on ion exchange resins, 346 micropores, activated carbon, 254 Mississippi River chlorinated compounds, 156 GAC treatment, 290 Jefferson Parish water treatment plant, 298 laboratory studies, 186 potassium halide�THM formation, 187 prechlorination treatment, 269 model compounds bromine reaction, 189 chloramine reaction, 173-181 chlorine dioxide reaction, 194-199 chlorine reaction, 160 163 iodine reaction, 189 ozone reaction, 204 229 monobromamine, 74 monocl~loramine, 20, 22, 26-27, 38, 166 168 Moraxella, 309 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 14, 45 Mycobacterium phlei, 15 National Organic Monitoring Survey, 145 aromatic compounds, 156 THM in U.S.

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From page 390...

... laboratory cultures, 15-17 protection from disinfection, 9 organobromides, 186 orthotolidine-arsenite method, 56, 58 OTA (see orthotolidine-arsenite method) oxygen demand, seasonal fluctuation, 297 ozone ammonia reactions, 42 biocidal activities, 44, 46 49 by-products in drinking waters, 202-204 by-products in nonpotable waters, 202204 by-products of disinfection, 204-229 by-products reactions, 209 chemistry, 42, 20~229, 230 cot products, 49 determination, 43 disinfection, 42-51 DPD method, 45, 47 effects on organic compounds, 302-303 efficacy against parasites, 48 efficacy against viruses, 46-48 epoxide formation, 227 GAC, 272 gas stream, 43 generation, 211 half-life, 44 inorganic compounds reactions, 204 measurement methods, 43 44 mechanism of action, 48-49 microbial activity, 299~304 organic compounds, 302-303 production and application, 42-43 properties, 201-202 residuals, 44 Schecter method, 48 viruses, 47 water treatment plants, 43 by-products, aliphatic compounds, 222226 by-products, benzene and its homologs, 205 by-products, humic acids, 218-219 by-products, miscellaneous, 214-217.

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From page 391...

... parasites, 35-36, 48, 67-71 particulates, disinfection effects, 9-11 pathogens, waterborne diseases, 5 pesticides, ozonization by-products, 220221 phenolic humic model compounds, 161 phenolic substances, reactions, 155 phenols chlorine dioxide reactions, 196 in competition, 277 ozonization by-products, 21~213 Philadelphia, Pa., water treatment, 276, 287, 298 pilot plant studies, 288, 298, 300, 308-309, 343 Planctomyces, 309 poliovirus, 27, 30-35, 40-41, 46, 49-50, 58-59, 68, 71-72, 78, 80, 90, 93, 97 pollutants monitoring, 358-361 potential health hazards, 358-359 screening procedures, 359-361 pollution control, carbon regeneration, 27~271, 332-336 polymeric absorbents, 337-339, 347-353 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 206 208, 270 chlorination by-products, 163-164 leaching of chemicals, 332 Pomona, Calif., 304, 333 potable water, 186-187 potassium halide�effect on THM formation, 187 potassium permanganate, 297 analytical methods, 99 biocidal activity, 99-101 determination, 99 disinfection, 98-102 E cold inactivation, 100 mechanism of action, 101 oxidizing agent, 98 production and application, 99 residual, 99 Potomac River, free chlorine-viruses reactions, 31 powdered activated carbon, 252, 255-256, 271, 273-275 prechlorination, 8-9, 303-304 precursors, 14~144 microbial activity, 311 THM, 3~14 345 preozonization, 298-302 presedimentation, raw water treatment, 8 pretreatment chemicals, organics�adsorption reaction, 270 protozoan parasites, 35 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 16, 25, 27, 88 Pseudomonas alcaligenes, 15-16 Pseudomonas fluorescent, 45 Pseudomonas sp., 308-310 public water supplies chlorination, 5 disinfectants, 184-186 disinfection, 5 residuals�disinfection effects, 10-11 pulp and paper industry, 191 Quebec Province, ozonization, 202 radiation, ionizing, disinfection, 94-98 raw water quality, 8-9 recalcitrant organic compounds, 294-295 residuals disinfection effects, 1~11 (see also individual agents)

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From page 392...

... trichloroacetaldehyde, 165 trichloroethylene, 287 trihalomethanes, 140 anion exchange resins studies, 344 chlorination effects, 5, 8 chlorophyll reaction, 164 coagulation, 9 formation, 149-153, 171-172, 269-270, 344 formation from chlorine dioxide, 52 formation reactions, 16~161, 163 GAC, 289 hypochlorous acid, 141 in water supplies, 185-186 NOMS, 15~151 nonhaloform products, 153-154 NORS, 15~151, 172-173 potable waters, laboratory studies, 186-187 precursors, 344-345 production, 9 seasonal variation, 164 U.S. municipal water supplies, 15~151 triiodide, ozone reaction, 44 turbidity, drinking water standard, 10 typhoid fever, 18 ultraviolet light disinfection, 106-112 ultraviolet spectroscopy, 75 United Kingdom, pilot plant effluent studies, 308 Van de Graaff generator, 95-97 Vibrio cholerae, 45 virucidal activity (see biocidal activity)

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From page 393...

... Index 393 water treatment plants clarification processes, 268-271 Delaware River 153 disinfection, 255 PAC use, 274 water treatment processes, 167, 255-256 Xanthomonas, 309 X-rays, 94-95 Zurich, Switzerland ozonization by-products, 203 water treatment, 298

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Index Pages 383-394

Index
Pages 383-394