Linking Trade and Technology Policies An International Comparison of the Policies of Industrialized Nations (1992) / Chapter Skim
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1. LINKING TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES: THEMES AND ISSUES
1. LINKING TRADE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES: THEMES AND ISSUES
Pages 1-10
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By way of introduction and reflection, this brief chapter highlights some major themes—areas of agreement as well as disagreeThe plan for the symposium on "Linking Trade and Technology Policies: An International Comparison" was developed by a steering committee that included Gordon Moore (Intel Corporation) , John Gunter (Bell South)
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The United States has been "downscaling" in terms of the technological sophistication of its production mix as compared to other major industrial countries. Paolo Guerrieri, in his paper in this volume, provides a finer-grained picture of the changed nature of international trade by developing an analysis of trends in trade performance of major industrial nations that divides industries into categories according to differences in technological dynamism, user requirements, and scale intensity.
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innovation system deeply embedded structures that have made it difficult for the United States to develop a coherent civilian technology policy that focuses on strengthening specific technologies important to future industrial competition or on enhancing the intersectoral technological and economic linkages. The distinctive U.S.
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goal of emulating policies used by other countries in years past, policies that may no longer be appropriate to deal with a new global context. The symposium speakers did not include a recognized true skeptic on industrial policy or a strong advocate of free trade in the most literal sense, but a number of participants in the meeting articulated these perspectives, as the summaries of the panel discussions indicate.
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On the contrary, some of them have managed to make the development and commercialization of civilian technology a high-priority national goal. The papers that follow deal with policy issues for long-term, multilateral attention as well as issues that the United States must deal with "in the meantime." Laura Tyson's paper provides a long list of policy issues that must be addressed to create a multilateral trading regime that takes into account the changing global nature of technology and competition.
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Civilian technology policy, as the term is used here, is designed to use technology as a tool to stimulate national economic growth and innovation; elements include incentives for technology development, for technology diffusion, for human resource development, and strategic visions of technology and the future of the economy. In view of the evidence from the semiconductor agreement, a direct approach (technology policy)
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As nations compete for high-technology production and value-added, the United States may need to try new approaches and to learn from ongoing experiments abroad. Panelist Margaret Sharp noted that Europe is following the twin tracks of promoting R&D cooperation through consortia while, at the same time, strengthening policies to stimulate competition.
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Panelists Fumitake Yoshida and Margaret Sharp also called for reinvigorated efforts at the multinational level to improve the macroeconomic environment, in such areas as integration of financial markets. In view of the asymmetries that exist in research and market systems, David Mowery highlighted the critical importance of expanding reciprocal access to markets and technology as a basis for mutual benefit in a new era of technological competition and globalization.
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In practice, building consensus will probably require establishing a stronger analytical capability within the government to assess and link trends in technology and global trade. This may make it possible to establish criteria, based on analysis, for supporting technology development and diffusion in particular areas.
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This is the message we take away from the rich discussions on "Linking Trade and Technology Policies." NOTES 1. See Krugman, in this volume, Figure 1.
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