Aeronautical Technologies for the Twenty-First Century (1992) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
11 Cognitive Engineering
11 Cognitive Engineering
Pages 243-268
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 243... ...
The interdisciplinary activities associated with information sciences and human factors seem to demand an approach that is related to how people perceive data, convert these data to integrated information, and use this information as a basis for making a decision. Indeed as the power of computers is increased, a logical next step is to allow air crews to do what people do best and allow the computer to support these activities and carry out whatever other tasks are necessary n a sense, this is the inverse of the current approach.)
|
From page 244... ...
~:~. : ,, ~5AS5At'~W~s -~ ~ denoted by the term "cognitive engineering." That term is used throughout this chapter to express the synergy between the traditional disciplines of information science and human factors.
|
From page 245... ...
Expressed as key challenges, they are: (1) the improvement of overall ATM performance, and the enhancement of safety.
|
From page 246... ...
Details of the then-existing air transportation system are somewhat obscure. As an attempt to pierce this veil to discern the key challenges faced by human factors and the information sciences, He approach taken here begins with an outline of some tentative "visions" or goals for 2020.
|
From page 247... ...
Aeronautical Vehicle Visions for 2020 In discussions of vehicle possibilities, some assumptions have been made about the availability of certain human- or automation-oriented equipment, facilities, or capabilities in the early twenty-first century. One role of cognitive engineering in this era is to enable these assumptions to become reality.
|
From page 248... ...
. Air Transportation System Visions for 2020 Two versions of potential operational environments thee might exist in 2020 are defined as the bases for identifying required research and development and innovative concepts in cognitive engineering.
|
From page 249... ...
These monitoring systems would advise humans when their actions appear to be inappropriate, based on understood intentions and a projection of consequences. Supervisory Telerobotic HumanIMachine Systems Visions for 2020 The last Me of showman system to serve as a possible focus for cognitive engineering needs is the most elaborate and multifunctional.
|
From page 250... ...
250 of JO ._ U
|
From page 252... ...
Current concepts include using advanced computer and software systems to serve as "associates" for pilot and air traffic control personnel. Other features follow from current human/vehicle control systems, such as automatic flight management, guidance, and control systems.
|
From page 253... ...
. The supervisory telerobotic human/machine systems envisioned here thus include all the features exemplified above combined into a hybrid-synergistic human/automation system with dual-role, adaptive bilateral operations.
|
From page 254... ...
provide highly effective management and distribution of In formation. Each of these challenges relates to the entire air transportation system including all types and mixes of aircraft; air traffic management; all types of information acquisition, processing, and distribution systems; and all associated processing, procedures, paining, monitoring, checking, and surveillance activities.
|
From page 255... ...
The substitution of human components introduces a great deal of complication because human control behavior can be much richer than the automatic vanety; because human cognitive behavior enters the scene; and because human variability as functions of task, environments, and operator-centered variables introduces dimensions that are not present in an automatic system. TO meld such features into useful theories clearly requires highly talented, integral partnerships of dynamic systems engineering and behavioral science (i.e., cognitive engineering)
|
From page 256... ...
, cybernetic (manual control theory, information theory) , skill, statistical decision, arousal/stress, and social.
|
From page 257... ...
An divided attention human error paradigms, the divided attention capability of the human fluctuates as work load is vaned via task complexity and as operator-centered aspects are "adjusted" by fatigue, work load, or alcohol ingestion for example. Consider a well-trained and highly experienced pilot who is normally well-prepared for emergencies, and who 7 Hollister, W.M.
|
From page 258... ...
. When various stressors are added, such as saturated work load, fatigue, certain prescription drugs, or circadian desynchronization, the pilot's divided-attention capability will degrade significantly.
|
From page 259... ...
divided attention, (2) statistical decision making, (3)
|
From page 260... ...
Thus, it is supportable that an individual's and a crew's abilities to cope with demands for divided attention are directly connected with operations free or grievous error. Research issues that can better define and perhaps improve matters include the definition of individual and crew characteristics; data presentation techniques associated with low-error performance on complex flight and controller tasks; training and selection techniques to develop individual and crew skills in these directions; and valid measures of individual and crew performance to assess He selection/training effects.
|
From page 261... ...
A key issue is to develop and validate Gaining and operational strategy and tactics that are intrinsically tolerant to situations demanding divided attention operations by the individual or crew. Error-Tolerant Design Human/Automation System Interaction Character~shcs The most common means of coping with error is to use the condition of error itself as human ~ ~ behavior are error correction, a stimulus for human action; unique characteristics of strategy switching, and goal changing.
|
From page 262... ...
Good intermittent or divided attention "flying qualities" are achieved via automatic flight control and flight management systems plus flight director and other monitoring displays that "behave" in a fashion similar to the pilot. Thus, the automatic system dynamics and behavior are akin to those the pilot would adopt.
|
From page 263... ...
Instead, He display of the cues and clues that underlie a high state of situation awareness is all encompassing. The display environment can include standard visual fields; visual display media acting as a surrogate, abstraction, or extension of ideal visual fields; supercue displays that provide virtual reality, prediction, and preview; propr~ioceptive displays of effectorks)
|
From page 264... ...
Information includes the following: in cockpits, all that is required for flying the aircraft, flight path management, traffic management systems, health and safety management, and efficient transportation operations; in ATM centers, all that is needed for en route, terminal area, and ground control and monitoring of aircraft and ground vehicle operations, independent ~8 Aerospace Industries Association of America.
|
From page 265... ...
Machin - Aided Information Acquisition, Processing. and Decision Making Functions such as error detection, reality checking, automated check pilot, and monitoring are features in all the "visions" described at the beginning of this chapter.
|
From page 266... ...
Error detection and monitoring are among the most pervasive components necessary to enable practical implementation of any of the visions. Machine-aided information acquisition research should focus on crew Information transfer issues, including consistency of intent and actions, and consistency of crew-perceived information and aircraft/systems configurations.
|
From page 267... ...
Options for voice and data commun~cadons among the venous elements in the ATM, identified under He total systems analysis discussed in the paper by Bill~ngsi9 might include technology development requirements in which NASA could play a significant role. However, at this time it would appear that communication requirements can probably be implemented with the state-of-the-art concepts and systems likely to be available without a specific NASA research and development program.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.