Science and Engineering Programs On Target for Women? (1992) / Chapter Skim
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3 Overview: The Status of Women in Science and Engineering
3 Overview: The Status of Women in Science and Engineering
Pages 27-41
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From page 27... ...
Undergraduate Level In 1989, women earned 53 percent of the bachelor's degrees conferred in the United States. However, they earned only 39 percent of the bachelor's degrees conferred in science (excluding social sciences and psychology)
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The number of degrees awarded to women in physical sciences peaked in 1987 at 4,837. Women's degrees peaked in environmental science in 1984, in life sciences In 1980, and in engineering in 1987.
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Hewitt and Elaine Seymour, Factors Contributing to High Attrition Rates Among Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Undergraduate Majors, Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, 1991. increased the amount of science and mathematics that most students are required to take (Capper, 1988)
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Women's graduate enrollment in S&E tends to be concentrated in one of three fields social sciences, psychology, and life sciences while men tend to be concentrated in engineering programs (see Figure 5-1, page 68~. In 1986, women earned 31 percent of all master's degrees conferred and 33 percent of all master's degrees conferred in science (excluding social science and psychology)
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In physical science fields, women in doctoral programs are about as likely as men to receive financial support from the university and are only slightly more likely than their male peers to depend primarily on personal sources for support (Thurgood and Weinmann, 1991~. However, in life sciences, 29 percent of women versus 20 percent of men depended primarily on personal sources of funds throughout their doctoral studies.
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With the critical role played ~ the life and future success of graduate students by the departmental faculty (in particular the major advisers, the impact of even minimal alienation can be tremendous. Employment The National Science Foundation (1990)
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identified three such attitudinal and organizational barriers: Recruitment practices involving reliance on word-of-mouth and employee referral networking; the use of executive search and referral firms in which affirmative action/EEO requirements were not made known. Developmental practices and credential building experiences, including advanced education, as well as career enhancing assignments such as to corporate committees and task forces and special projects which are traditional precursors to advancement were often not as available to minorities and women.
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Data on industrial scientists and engineers at other degree levels are not generally available. According to the National Science Foundation (1990)
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Includes social sciences and psychology. SOURCE: Unpublished data, 1989 Survey of Doctorate Recipients, National Science Foundation and National Research Council.
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As Dix summarizes in Chapter 8, Across all degree levels, the employment of women scientists and engineers by the federal government varies by discipline, from a low of 3.0 percent in agronomy to 50.5 percent in sociology But, in general, the rate of employment is much lower than that of men. Male scientists and engineers employed by federal agencies are more than twice as likely as females to be supervisors or managers (Table 3-6~.
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The development of the information base for such a clearinghouse was an underlying incentive for holding the National Research Council's Conference 37
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Government Printing Office. National Science Foundation (NSF)
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1991. Summary Report 1990: Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities.
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