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From page 277... ... Index A Action identification theory, 216-219 Activity switching, 10 Air crews, communications, 233-235 comparison with tank crews, 33, 171172, 183-189, 231-232 decision making, 198, 210 fatigue and, 151-152 naps on duty, 131 selection of members, 112, 114 Air traffic control, 13, 31, 33, 65, 94, 111-112, 141, 153 Aircraft, 99, 105, 229, 231 Alertness, 5, 14, 125, 147 Anchoring heuristic, 6, 201 Anxiety, effects on performance, 99, 102-104 Arousal, 100, 106- 107, 151, 220, 258 268 Attentional tunneling, 100-102, 105, 274 Automatic processing, 12, 75, 146, 160, 250, 274 Automation computer aiding and, 82-85 costs and benefits, 10, 242, 249 implications for vigilance, 140-141 leadership, crew coordination and, 239 workload and, 267 Availability heuristic, 6, 200-201, 205 B Biases confirmation bias, 6, 201, 207 decision making, 6, 102, 199-201, 207, 272 framing bias, 200, 204-205 geographic memory, 176- 179 salience bias, 6, 200 Boredom, 56, 64, 67, 86 C Change-task paradigm, 218-219 Choice, 202-205 Chunking, 78 Circadian rhythms body temperature cycle, 5, 124 job performance and, 33, 35, 51 277 Read the entire page →
From page 278... ... . and framing D Debiasing, 6, 10, 209, 272 see also Training, debias Decision aids, computer-based, 6, 208209, 211 Decision making biases, 6, 102, 199-201 communications and, 43, 231-232, 235, 272 distributed, 68, 240-241 expertise, 199, 201-202, 205, 272 heuristics, 6, 199-201 hypothesis formation, 199-202 model, 199-201 pattern matching, 201-202, 207 remediations, 6, 208-210 risk, 203-205 stress and, 78, 103-106, 112, 206208, 267-268 structure, 42, 43, 45 training and, 12, 31, 250, 256, 258, 259 Decision theory, 202-205 Disaster management, 45, 265 Discrete tasks, 58, 61, 76, 79, 224 Read the entire page →
From page 279... ... INDEX Display-control compatibility, 79-80 Displays controls and, 11, 21, 23, 24, 32, 58, 79-80, 269 integrating, 10, 70-71, 267 lag, 81-82 monitoring, 14 predictor, 83 Duty schedule, 3, 11, 28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 269 E Electronic aids, 6, 193, 194, 257, 271 Emergency medical services (EMS) , 1, 3, 13, 14, 29-30, 32, 46-50, 172, 178, 265, 267 Emergency situation group processes in an, 234-235 problem solving, 9, 12, 102, 103-104, 105, 106, 255, 274 training approaches for an, 9, 248, 250, 255-261, 274-275 Environment commercial airlines, 32 emergency medical services, 32, 4748 emergency rooms, 50 nuclear power plants, 37 38, 39 ships, 44, 45 tank, see Tank, environment ~rains, 36 Event rate, 5, 144-145, 155, 156 Expectancy, 3, 7, 28, 29, 33, 34, 38, 47 Extended-duty operations, 97, 122, 128, 129-130 Exxon Valdez, 2, 15 F Failures, 2, 8, 19, 29, 83, 104 Fatigue, 4, 5, 9, 11, 17, 26, 33, 38, 40, 41, 51, 55, 57, 67, 68, 81, 85, 94, 96, 122-138, 151-152, 153-154, 171, 231, 266, 268, 269-270 Federal Aviation Administration, 68, 131, 233 279 Feedback, 11, 60, 257, 271 Firefighting, 14, 29, 31, 48, 106, 127 128, 201-202, 205, 220, 272 Fitts's Law, 58-59 Frames of reference, 174-175, 189-190, 191, 193, 271 Framing bias, 200, 204-205 G Geographic orientation, 3, 6, 19, 48, 171-197, 271 Golden Hour, 47, 49 H Helicopter crews, 6, 56, 172, 184- 189, 224 flight, 14 Heuristics anchoring, 6, 201 availability, 6, 200-201, 205 in decision making, 199-201, 272 in navigation, 176-178 in spatial awareness, 176-178, 210 Hick-Hyman Law, 65 Hospital, 13, 29, 127-128 Hours of Service Act, 35 Human factors design, 24-25, 28, 108109, 267, 270, 271 I Integrating displays, 10, 70-71, 267 L Language, 179-180 Lead time, 16, 82 Leadership, 3, 4, 10, 20, 26, 31, 67, 85, 112, 114, 129, 132, 232, 235-239, 241, 242, 248, 258, 259, 266, 273, 274 see also Team, leadership Lighting, 4, 50, 94, 96 Locus of control, 108 Read the entire page →
From page 280... ... 280 M MlA1 Main Battle tank, 1, 2, 20, 257 Maintenance personnel, 13, 39 Man-Machine Integration, Design, and Analysis System, see MIDAS MANPRINT, 249, 261 Map complexity, 65 displays, 12, 71 rotation (north-up versus track-up) , 11, 71, 176-177, 190, 191, 193, 194, 271 Marine Investigation Module, 42 Maritime industry, 40 Medical emergencies, 29, 220, 229 evacuation, 46, 128 personnel, 129 systems, 141 Memory long-term, 77-79, 99, 103-104, 105, 106, 110, 202 working, 5, 14, 63, 75, 77-78, 95, 99, 100, 102-103, 105, 107, 109, 124, 125, 207, 267 Mental models development of, 8, 171 navigational systems, 182-183, 190 updating, 18, 29 Merchant ship crews, 3, 39 Microsleep, 127, 130, 152 MIDAS, 68 Military doctrine, 14, 16, 155 Military protocol, 43-44 MINMOD, 42 Mission goals, 19 phase, 16, 56-57, 67, 85 planning, 11, 194 requirements, 4, 47, 192 segment, 83 Monitoring displays, 14, 269 tasks, 7, 11, 17, 38, 39, 72-73, 106, 139 team, 158-159 INDEX workload and, 20 see also Vigilance Multiple resource model, 76-77 N Naps, 10-11, 131, 269-270 Natural disasters, 3, 14, 29, 30, 45-46 Navigation computer-aided systems, 83-84 heuristics used, 176-178 information, 11 model of, 183-189 spatial rotation and, 176 tasks, 65,176,182-183,216 Noise impact on operator workload, 57 performance and, 102,104, 106, 107, 149,150 vigilance and, 5, 149-151 Novices versus experts, 8,106,107, 201,205,272 Nuclear power plants, 1, 13,29,30,32, 37-39, 56, 70, 100,102, 104, 141, 172,232-233,265 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 37 p Perceptual-motor interaction, 24 Perceptual tunneling, 101, 106,207 Performance circadian rhythm effects, 122-125, 151 cognitive, 5, 123-124 criteria, 58-60 decrements, 10, 15, 33, 40, 49, 55, 56, 64, 66, 76, 94, 95, 98-99, 101 102, 106-107, 125, 126-129, 131, 139-140, 145 effects of sleep deprivation, 126-129 noise and, 150 psychomotor, 5, 122-123, 124, 130, 131 relationship to workload, 2, 26, 54, 55-57 stress and, 97-107, 114 Read the entire page →
From page 281... ... INDEX team, 3, 7-8, 10, 11, 15-16, 229, 241243 visual, 142 Personality, 7, 10, 107, 108, 210, 232, 237-238, 241, 243, 248, 273 Physical workload, 4, 18 Pilots, 61-62, 81, 83-84, 94, 101, 103, 127-128, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183187, 202, 207-208, 223-224, 229 Planning, 6, 11, 16-17, 24, 31, 45, 61, 62, 85, 109, 187, 189, 190, 194, 267 Practice amount, 251-252, 274 for emergencies, 9, 12, 255, 273 repetitive, 104, 274 type, 219, 252-253 Preparation, 16-17 Presentation rate, 62, 65, 67 Preview, 7, 10, 62, 80, 82, 85, 224, 225, 273 Problem solving, 1, 8, 13- 14, 24, 104, 198, 230, 250, 255, 259, 268, 274 Procedures emergency, 10, 267, 274 following, 24, 250 Psychomotor performance, 5, 122- 123, 124, 130, 131 Q Queuing theory, 222-223 R Railroads, 3, 33-36, 42, 51, 127, 265 see also Train crews Rapid eye movement sleep, 5, 124 Reference frame comparisons, 175- 176 Resource allocation, 59, 60 cognitive, 9, 61 competition, 61, 67, 76-77 demands, 155 management, 231-232 physical, 61 281 requirements, 60, 76 theory, 147-148 Risk, 3, 28, 30, 32, 35, 45, 48, 50 S Satisficing, 205 Scheduling, see Task, schedule Ship crews military, 3, 39 size, 39-40 Ships, 39-45, 265 Short-term memory, see Memory, working Signal consp~cu~ty, ~ density, 143, 144, 159 detection, 146-147, 149, 151, 156 modality, 5, 142, 270 probability, 5 salience, 142, 143 uncertainty, 6, 157 Signal Detection Theory, 146-147 Signal-to-noise ratio, 69, 142-143 Simulation networking (SIMNET,, 9, 12, 210, 233, 255-257, 258, 272 273, 274 Situation awareness, 3-4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 36, 39, 45, 46, 48, 51, 73, 128, 171, 199, 210, 214, 221, 250, 258 Skill acquisition, 8, 9, 251-253, 254, 257 Sleep deprivation, 5, 34, 40, 122, 126-129, 130-32, 269-270 disruption, 5, 26, 36, 40, 49, 122-138 duration, 5, 124 efficiency, 125 inertia, 5, 122, 129, 131 loss, 3, 5, 11, 24, 96, 107, 127, 151 152 patterns, 33, 269-270 periods, 11, 35, 269 schedules, 46, 68, 128, 269 tendency, 124 see also Circadian rhythms Read the entire page →
From page 282... ... 282 Spatial awareness, 173-183, 191, 193 orientation, 24, 172 (see also Geographic orientation) working memory, 102-103, 106, 207 208 Speed-accuracy tradeoff, 9, 58-59, 104, 208, 216, 266 Stimulus complexity, 145-146 uncertainty, 143-144 Stimulus-response compatibility, 67 Strategic behavior, 215 goals, 16 planning, 24, 250 shifts, 104 Strategies adoption, 10, 19, 61, 64, 66, 85, 109 cognitive, 70 coping, 63, 85, 108-111, 267-268 definition, 215 development of, 8, 11 long-term, 17 performance criteria and, 58-60 reactive, 62 resource allocation, 59 scheduling, 59, 62 sequential, 62 switching, 61, 215-216 task management, 7, 26, 55, 214-228, 272-273 team-building, 112 team workload management, 62, 266 time-sharing, 61, 62 Stress communications and, 230 coping mechanisms, 108-111, 267 268 decision making and, 104-106, 205, 206-208, 268 environmental, 148-155 human performance and, 9, 10, 24, 31,97,107,114,267 incentives and, 11, 126, 130 management, 110, 111 - 114, 249, 259, 268 INDEX mediating effects, 11, 107-108, 160, 171 memory and, 78 noise, see Noise physical, 11 psychological, 55, 95-96 task-induced, 5, 152- 155 teams and, 114 training and, 160, 260, 274 work environment and, 30, 41, 47, 96-97, 267-268 Stressors consequences of, 94-96 direct, 95-96 environmental, 4, 9, 33, 44, 57, 85, 94, 148-155, 266, 268 indirect, 95 psychological, 4, 24, 94, 95 time, 61 Sustained attention, see Attentional tunneling; Vigilance System complexity, 84 design, 8, 249 failures, 29, 66 safety, 1, 5, 7, 13, 16, 33, 36, 39 T Tank crew, 5, 6, 8-9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 16-24, 26, 29, 31, 35, 37, 41, 42, 56-58, 63, 72, 95, 100, 112, 113, 128-131, 141, 155-156, 157, 159, 171-179, 180, 181, 183, 184-191, 193, 194, 198-199, 201, 204, 206, 207-208, 216, 220, 230, 241, 243, 255-256, 265, 268-269, 272, 274 design, 8, 15 environment, 3, 20, 28, 36, 44, 9697, 148, 229, 231, 233, 234, 242, 268-269 workstations, 20-24, 268-269 Target acquisition, 5, 11, 20, 22, 24, 58, 59, 61, 66, 80, 81, 141, 150-151, 158, 270, 271 Read the entire page →
From page 283... ... . raining approaches, 9, 10, 254-261, 275 to automaticity, 1 10, 160, 219, 261, 275 complex tasks, 256-257 crew resource management, 232-233, 273, 275 debias, 6, 10, 209 decision making and, 208-210, 257 domain, 6, 209-210 embedded, 9, 257-258, 274 for emergency responses, 8-9, 29, 248-264 guided, 252-253 leadership and crew coordination, 242-243 overtraining, 207-210, 253-254, 274 practice, 8, 12, 104, 251-253, 274 relaxation, 110 simulator, 9, 12, 29, 210, 233, 255 257, 258, 272-273, 274 skill retention and, 250-254, 274 stress and, 103-104, 109-111, 274 Read the entire page →
From page 284... ... Navy, 43, 105 U.S.S. Vincennes, 104, 199, 200-201 V Vessel Traffic Services, 42, 43-44 Vibration, 4, 5, 30, 36, 44, 57, 95, 128, 151, 159, 269 see also Stressors, environmental INDEX Vigilance automation and, 140-141, 270 decrement, 140, 144, 146, 147, 160 historical background, 139-141 psychophysical determinants, 141 148 tank personnel and, 5, 141 target detection and, 139-170 training and, 159-160 workload and, 56 Vision blocks, 21, 22 Visual performance, 142 W Work-rest cycles, 33, 34, 41, 51 Workstation, 20-24 Yerkes-Dodson Law, 98-99, 100, 106 107 Read the entire page →

From page 277...

... Index A Action identification theory, 216-219 Activity switching, 10 Air crews, communications, 233-235 comparison with tank crews, 33, 171172, 183-189, 231-232 decision making, 198, 210 fatigue and, 151-152 naps on duty, 131 selection of members, 112, 114 Air traffic control, 13, 31, 33, 65, 94, 111-112, 141, 153 Aircraft, 99, 105, 229, 231 Alertness, 5, 14, 125, 147 Anchoring heuristic, 6, 201 Anxiety, effects on performance, 99, 102-104 Arousal, 100, 106- 107, 151, 220, 258 268 Attentional tunneling, 100-102, 105, 274 Automatic processing, 12, 75, 146, 160, 250, 274 Automation computer aiding and, 82-85 costs and benefits, 10, 242, 249 implications for vigilance, 140-141 leadership, crew coordination and, 239 workload and, 267 Availability heuristic, 6, 200-201, 205 B Biases confirmation bias, 6, 201, 207 decision making, 6, 102, 199-201, 207, 272 framing bias, 200, 204-205 geographic memory, 176- 179 salience bias, 6, 200 Boredom, 56, 64, 67, 86 C Change-task paradigm, 218-219 Choice, 202-205 Chunking, 78 Circadian rhythms body temperature cycle, 5, 124 job performance and, 33, 35, 51 277

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From page 278...

... . and framing D Debiasing, 6, 10, 209, 272 see also Training, debias Decision aids, computer-based, 6, 208209, 211 Decision making biases, 6, 102, 199-201 communications and, 43, 231-232, 235, 272 distributed, 68, 240-241 expertise, 199, 201-202, 205, 272 heuristics, 6, 199-201 hypothesis formation, 199-202 model, 199-201 pattern matching, 201-202, 207 remediations, 6, 208-210 risk, 203-205 stress and, 78, 103-106, 112, 206208, 267-268 structure, 42, 43, 45 training and, 12, 31, 250, 256, 258, 259 Decision theory, 202-205 Disaster management, 45, 265 Discrete tasks, 58, 61, 76, 79, 224

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From page 279...

... INDEX Display-control compatibility, 79-80 Displays controls and, 11, 21, 23, 24, 32, 58, 79-80, 269 integrating, 10, 70-71, 267 lag, 81-82 monitoring, 14 predictor, 83 Duty schedule, 3, 11, 28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 269 E Electronic aids, 6, 193, 194, 257, 271 Emergency medical services (EMS) , 1, 3, 13, 14, 29-30, 32, 46-50, 172, 178, 265, 267 Emergency situation group processes in an, 234-235 problem solving, 9, 12, 102, 103-104, 105, 106, 255, 274 training approaches for an, 9, 248, 250, 255-261, 274-275 Environment commercial airlines, 32 emergency medical services, 32, 4748 emergency rooms, 50 nuclear power plants, 37 38, 39 ships, 44, 45 tank, see Tank, environment ~rains, 36 Event rate, 5, 144-145, 155, 156 Expectancy, 3, 7, 28, 29, 33, 34, 38, 47 Extended-duty operations, 97, 122, 128, 129-130 Exxon Valdez, 2, 15 F Failures, 2, 8, 19, 29, 83, 104 Fatigue, 4, 5, 9, 11, 17, 26, 33, 38, 40, 41, 51, 55, 57, 67, 68, 81, 85, 94, 96, 122-138, 151-152, 153-154, 171, 231, 266, 268, 269-270 Federal Aviation Administration, 68, 131, 233 279 Feedback, 11, 60, 257, 271 Firefighting, 14, 29, 31, 48, 106, 127 128, 201-202, 205, 220, 272 Fitts's Law, 58-59 Frames of reference, 174-175, 189-190, 191, 193, 271 Framing bias, 200, 204-205 G Geographic orientation, 3, 6, 19, 48, 171-197, 271 Golden Hour, 47, 49 H Helicopter crews, 6, 56, 172, 184- 189, 224 flight, 14 Heuristics anchoring, 6, 201 availability, 6, 200-201, 205 in decision making, 199-201, 272 in navigation, 176-178 in spatial awareness, 176-178, 210 Hick-Hyman Law, 65 Hospital, 13, 29, 127-128 Hours of Service Act, 35 Human factors design, 24-25, 28, 108109, 267, 270, 271 I Integrating displays, 10, 70-71, 267 L Language, 179-180 Lead time, 16, 82 Leadership, 3, 4, 10, 20, 26, 31, 67, 85, 112, 114, 129, 132, 232, 235-239, 241, 242, 248, 258, 259, 266, 273, 274 see also Team, leadership Lighting, 4, 50, 94, 96 Locus of control, 108

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From page 280...

... 280 M MlA1 Main Battle tank, 1, 2, 20, 257 Maintenance personnel, 13, 39 Man-Machine Integration, Design, and Analysis System, see MIDAS MANPRINT, 249, 261 Map complexity, 65 displays, 12, 71 rotation (north-up versus track-up) , 11, 71, 176-177, 190, 191, 193, 194, 271 Marine Investigation Module, 42 Maritime industry, 40 Medical emergencies, 29, 220, 229 evacuation, 46, 128 personnel, 129 systems, 141 Memory long-term, 77-79, 99, 103-104, 105, 106, 110, 202 working, 5, 14, 63, 75, 77-78, 95, 99, 100, 102-103, 105, 107, 109, 124, 125, 207, 267 Mental models development of, 8, 171 navigational systems, 182-183, 190 updating, 18, 29 Merchant ship crews, 3, 39 Microsleep, 127, 130, 152 MIDAS, 68 Military doctrine, 14, 16, 155 Military protocol, 43-44 MINMOD, 42 Mission goals, 19 phase, 16, 56-57, 67, 85 planning, 11, 194 requirements, 4, 47, 192 segment, 83 Monitoring displays, 14, 269 tasks, 7, 11, 17, 38, 39, 72-73, 106, 139 team, 158-159 INDEX workload and, 20 see also Vigilance Multiple resource model, 76-77 N Naps, 10-11, 131, 269-270 Natural disasters, 3, 14, 29, 30, 45-46 Navigation computer-aided systems, 83-84 heuristics used, 176-178 information, 11 model of, 183-189 spatial rotation and, 176 tasks, 65,176,182-183,216 Noise impact on operator workload, 57 performance and, 102,104, 106, 107, 149,150 vigilance and, 5, 149-151 Novices versus experts, 8,106,107, 201,205,272 Nuclear power plants, 1, 13,29,30,32, 37-39, 56, 70, 100,102, 104, 141, 172,232-233,265 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 37 p Perceptual-motor interaction, 24 Perceptual tunneling, 101, 106,207 Performance circadian rhythm effects, 122-125, 151 cognitive, 5, 123-124 criteria, 58-60 decrements, 10, 15, 33, 40, 49, 55, 56, 64, 66, 76, 94, 95, 98-99, 101 102, 106-107, 125, 126-129, 131, 139-140, 145 effects of sleep deprivation, 126-129 noise and, 150 psychomotor, 5, 122-123, 124, 130, 131 relationship to workload, 2, 26, 54, 55-57 stress and, 97-107, 114

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From page 281...

... INDEX team, 3, 7-8, 10, 11, 15-16, 229, 241243 visual, 142 Personality, 7, 10, 107, 108, 210, 232, 237-238, 241, 243, 248, 273 Physical workload, 4, 18 Pilots, 61-62, 81, 83-84, 94, 101, 103, 127-128, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183187, 202, 207-208, 223-224, 229 Planning, 6, 11, 16-17, 24, 31, 45, 61, 62, 85, 109, 187, 189, 190, 194, 267 Practice amount, 251-252, 274 for emergencies, 9, 12, 255, 273 repetitive, 104, 274 type, 219, 252-253 Preparation, 16-17 Presentation rate, 62, 65, 67 Preview, 7, 10, 62, 80, 82, 85, 224, 225, 273 Problem solving, 1, 8, 13- 14, 24, 104, 198, 230, 250, 255, 259, 268, 274 Procedures emergency, 10, 267, 274 following, 24, 250 Psychomotor performance, 5, 122- 123, 124, 130, 131 Q Queuing theory, 222-223 R Railroads, 3, 33-36, 42, 51, 127, 265 see also Train crews Rapid eye movement sleep, 5, 124 Reference frame comparisons, 175- 176 Resource allocation, 59, 60 cognitive, 9, 61 competition, 61, 67, 76-77 demands, 155 management, 231-232 physical, 61 281 requirements, 60, 76 theory, 147-148 Risk, 3, 28, 30, 32, 35, 45, 48, 50 S Satisficing, 205 Scheduling, see Task, schedule Ship crews military, 3, 39 size, 39-40 Ships, 39-45, 265 Short-term memory, see Memory, working Signal consp~cu~ty, ~ density, 143, 144, 159 detection, 146-147, 149, 151, 156 modality, 5, 142, 270 probability, 5 salience, 142, 143 uncertainty, 6, 157 Signal Detection Theory, 146-147 Signal-to-noise ratio, 69, 142-143 Simulation networking (SIMNET,, 9, 12, 210, 233, 255-257, 258, 272 273, 274 Situation awareness, 3-4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 24, 25, 26, 36, 39, 45, 46, 48, 51, 73, 128, 171, 199, 210, 214, 221, 250, 258 Skill acquisition, 8, 9, 251-253, 254, 257 Sleep deprivation, 5, 34, 40, 122, 126-129, 130-32, 269-270 disruption, 5, 26, 36, 40, 49, 122-138 duration, 5, 124 efficiency, 125 inertia, 5, 122, 129, 131 loss, 3, 5, 11, 24, 96, 107, 127, 151 152 patterns, 33, 269-270 periods, 11, 35, 269 schedules, 46, 68, 128, 269 tendency, 124 see also Circadian rhythms

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From page 282...

... 282 Spatial awareness, 173-183, 191, 193 orientation, 24, 172 (see also Geographic orientation) working memory, 102-103, 106, 207 208 Speed-accuracy tradeoff, 9, 58-59, 104, 208, 216, 266 Stimulus complexity, 145-146 uncertainty, 143-144 Stimulus-response compatibility, 67 Strategic behavior, 215 goals, 16 planning, 24, 250 shifts, 104 Strategies adoption, 10, 19, 61, 64, 66, 85, 109 cognitive, 70 coping, 63, 85, 108-111, 267-268 definition, 215 development of, 8, 11 long-term, 17 performance criteria and, 58-60 reactive, 62 resource allocation, 59 scheduling, 59, 62 sequential, 62 switching, 61, 215-216 task management, 7, 26, 55, 214-228, 272-273 team-building, 112 team workload management, 62, 266 time-sharing, 61, 62 Stress communications and, 230 coping mechanisms, 108-111, 267 268 decision making and, 104-106, 205, 206-208, 268 environmental, 148-155 human performance and, 9, 10, 24, 31,97,107,114,267 incentives and, 11, 126, 130 management, 110, 111 - 114, 249, 259, 268 INDEX mediating effects, 11, 107-108, 160, 171 memory and, 78 noise, see Noise physical, 11 psychological, 55, 95-96 task-induced, 5, 152- 155 teams and, 114 training and, 160, 260, 274 work environment and, 30, 41, 47, 96-97, 267-268 Stressors consequences of, 94-96 direct, 95-96 environmental, 4, 9, 33, 44, 57, 85, 94, 148-155, 266, 268 indirect, 95 psychological, 4, 24, 94, 95 time, 61 Sustained attention, see Attentional tunneling; Vigilance System complexity, 84 design, 8, 249 failures, 29, 66 safety, 1, 5, 7, 13, 16, 33, 36, 39 T Tank crew, 5, 6, 8-9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 16-24, 26, 29, 31, 35, 37, 41, 42, 56-58, 63, 72, 95, 100, 112, 113, 128-131, 141, 155-156, 157, 159, 171-179, 180, 181, 183, 184-191, 193, 194, 198-199, 201, 204, 206, 207-208, 216, 220, 230, 241, 243, 255-256, 265, 268-269, 272, 274 design, 8, 15 environment, 3, 20, 28, 36, 44, 9697, 148, 229, 231, 233, 234, 242, 268-269 workstations, 20-24, 268-269 Target acquisition, 5, 11, 20, 22, 24, 58, 59, 61, 66, 80, 81, 141, 150-151, 158, 270, 271

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From page 283...

... . raining approaches, 9, 10, 254-261, 275 to automaticity, 1 10, 160, 219, 261, 275 complex tasks, 256-257 crew resource management, 232-233, 273, 275 debias, 6, 10, 209 decision making and, 208-210, 257 domain, 6, 209-210 embedded, 9, 257-258, 274 for emergency responses, 8-9, 29, 248-264 guided, 252-253 leadership and crew coordination, 242-243 overtraining, 207-210, 253-254, 274 practice, 8, 12, 104, 251-253, 274 relaxation, 110 simulator, 9, 12, 29, 210, 233, 255 257, 258, 272-273, 274 skill retention and, 250-254, 274 stress and, 103-104, 109-111, 274

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From page 284...

... Navy, 43, 105 U.S.S. Vincennes, 104, 199, 200-201 V Vessel Traffic Services, 42, 43-44 Vibration, 4, 5, 30, 36, 44, 57, 95, 128, 151, 159, 269 see also Stressors, environmental INDEX Vigilance automation and, 140-141, 270 decrement, 140, 144, 146, 147, 160 historical background, 139-141 psychophysical determinants, 141 148 tank personnel and, 5, 141 target detection and, 139-170 training and, 159-160 workload and, 56 Vision blocks, 21, 22 Visual performance, 142 W Work-rest cycles, 33, 34, 41, 51 Workstation, 20-24 Yerkes-Dodson Law, 98-99, 100, 106 107

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Index Pages 277-284

Index
Pages 277-284