Putting Biotechnology to Work Bioprocess Engineering (1992) / Chapter Skim
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3 Benchmarking: Status of U.S. Bioprocessing and Biotechnology
3 Benchmarking: Status of U.S. Bioprocessing and Biotechnology
Pages 38-49
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From page 38... ...
In the United States, the new biotechnology is pursued by both large and small (startup) biotechnology companies, but the small companies are virtually nonexistent in Japan, research and development being conducted primarily in large companies.
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coli, does not appear to be very different from that in the United States, although there is a heavy emphasis on the refolding of recombinant proteins from E coli.
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The committee recommends that the United States strengthen its effort along those lines with many different approaches. They could include more vigorous examination of technology assessment in Japan, more support for exchange-scholar and exchange-student programs, collaborative research programs, and establishment of a centralized coordinating and networking
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Germany has traditionally directed more of its efforts in education to the chemical and biological sciences than to engineering. The major difference in educational training in universities between Germany and the United States lies in the German system in which a single professor is in charge of a department.
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That differs from the United States, where the fundamental principles are stressed at the graduate level. Research programs in Germany encompass practical and applied research, in addition to fundamental engineering research.
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Figure 3.2 summarizes the opinions of the committee on the present and future states of European biotechnology processing relative to that in the United States. The comparison includes Germany, Switzerland, Austria, United Kingdom, France, Scandinavia, Italy, and the Netherlands and represents an aggregate estimate of status and direction based on committee members' experience and knowledge of European biotechnology.
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bioprocessing. 3.3 BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING IN UNITED STATES The current status of bioprocessing in the United States provides a useful reference against which the estimated magnitude of future developments can be gauged.
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From page 45... ...
The education and training of bioprocess engineers in the United States is carried out primarily on the graduate level, although many engineering seniors have had one or two courses in introductory bioprocessing or biochemical engineering. According to sales of major textbooks used in the relevant courses and general chemical-engineering enrollment figures, it can be estimated that about 10,000 engineering seniors and graduate students have had at least an introductory exposure to bioprocess engineering during the last 15 years.
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report, suggests that "the United States will remain a substantial factor in the commercialization of biotechnology. However, a dominant role is being frittered away." The committee believes that basic planning and allocation of resources to ensure availability of a well-trained group of bachelor's-, master's-, and doctoratelevel bioprocess engineers would moderate such a trend.
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From page 47... ...
Research and development on those topics, if structured to address techniques that affect industrial manufacturing processes, will complement fundamental research in developing needed biological and biochemical tools for assays and downstream processing discussed in Chapter 4. Combined with improvements in the basic understanding of the productivity of cell culture and bioreactors, research on downstream processing, systems integration, and process monitoring could contribute substantially to the manufacturing technology base and at the same time provide training for bioprocess engineers who would work in the industry.
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as they are related to the new biotechnology through government-funded research programs (FCCSET, 19921. In many of the other fields illustrated in Figure 3.2, Europe and the United States are approximately equivalent, and their competitive positions are likely to be maintained for the foreseeable future.
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OTA (Office of Technology Assessment)
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